Scribd
Upload
19 views

Lec6 (Decission Making& Looping)

The document discusses different types of loop control structures in C programming including while, do-while, and for loops. It explains the basic syntax and flow of each loop type, such as the while loop first evaluating the test condition before the loop body executes, whereas the do-while loop always executes the body first before evaluating the test condition. It also covers concepts like nesting loops, breaking/continuing out of loops early, and examples of each type of loop.

Uploaded by

Manirul Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views

Lec6 (Decission Making& Looping)

The document discusses different types of loop control structures in C programming including while, do-while, and for loops. It explains the basic syntax and flow of each loop type, such as the while loop first evaluating the test condition before the loop body executes, whereas the do-while loop always executes the body first before evaluating the test condition. It also covers concepts like nesting loops, breaking/continuing out of loops early, and examples of each type of loop.

Uploaded by

Manirul Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

DECISION MAKING AND LOPPING

CONTENT

 LOOP CONTROL STRUCTURES


 THE WHILE STATEMENT
 THE DO-WHILE STATEMENT
 THE FOR STATEMENT
 JUMPING OUT OF A LOOP
 SKIPPING A PART OF A LOOP
LOOP CONTROL STRUCTURES

LOOPING: The program may require that a group


of instructions be executed repeatedly, until some
logical condition has been satisfied. This is known
as looping.
entry

Test
false
condition Body of the
? loop
true
Body of the
loop
Test
condition
?

Entry control Exit control


KEY POINTS
 In the entry-controlled loop, the control conditions are
tested before the star of the loop execution.

 If the conditions are not satisfied, then the body of


the loop will not be executed.

 For exit-control loop, the test is performed at the end


of the body of the loop and therefore the body is
executed unconditionally for the first time.
LOOPING SEQUENCE

 Setting and initialization of a counter.


 Execution of the statements in the loop.
 Test for a specified condition for execution of the loop.
 Increment the counter.
TYPES

The c program provides three loop constructions

 The while statement


 the do-while statement
 the for statement
THE WHILE STATEMENT

GENERAL FORMAT

while (test condition)


{
body of the loop;
}
KEY POINTS

 The while is an entry-controlled loop statement.


 First the test condition is evaluated.
 If the test condition is true, then body of the loop is
executed.
 The body of the loop may have one or more statements.
 It is a good practice to use braces even if the body has
one statement.
EXAMPLE
#include<stdio.h>

int main(){
int sum=0,n=1;

while(n>=1)
{
sum=sum+n;
n=n+1;
}
printf(“%d”, sum);
return 0;
}
THE DO-WHILE STATEMENT

GENERAL FORMAT

do
{
body of the loop;
}

while (test condition);


KEY POINTS

 Body of the loop is placed before the test condition.


 Since the test-condition is evaluated at the bottom of the
loop, the do-while statement provides exit-controlled loop.
 The body of the loop is always executed at least once.
 The test condition is terminated with a semicolon.
EXAMPLE
#include<stdio.h>

int main(){
int sum=0,n=1;

do
{
sum=sum+n;
n=n+1;
}
while(n>=1);

printf(“%d”,sum);
return 0;
}
THE FOR STATEMENT

The for loop is another entry-controlled loop that


provides a more concise loop control structure.

GENERAL FORMAT

for (initialization; test-condition; increment or decrement)


{
body of the loop;
}
EXECUTION OF FOR STATEMENT
 Initialization of the control variables is done first, using
assignment statements such as i=1.
 The value of the control variable is tested first using test
condition.
 If the test condition is true, body of the loop is executed.
 When the body of the loop is executed, the control is
transferred back to the for statement after evaluating the
last statement in the loop.
 The control variable is increment or decrement using
assignment statement i=i+1 or i=i-1.
EXAMPLE

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main(){
int sum=0,a,n;
clrscr();
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for (a=1;a<=n;a++){
sum=sum+a;}
printf(“%d”,sum);
getch();}
ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF FOR LOOP

 The for loop in C has capabilities that are not found in


other loop construction.
 More than one variable can be initialized at a time in the
for statement.

p=1;
for(n=1;n<=17;n++)
Same as

for(p=1,n=1;n<=17;n++)
NESTING OF FOR LOOPS
When one for statement within another for statement,
then it is called nesting of for loops.

GENERAL FORMAT
for (i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
……………… Outer loop
for (j=1;j<=5;j++)
{
………. Inner loop
}
…..
}
……..
KEY POINT

It is useful when constructing pyramid .

Example
for(row=1;row<=5;row++)
{
for (column=1;column<=5;column++)
{
y=row*column;
The outer loop controls row
printf(“%d”,y); while inner loop control column.
}
printf(“\n”);
}
JUMPING OUT OF A LOOP

An early exit from a loop can be performed by using the


break statement or goto statement.

GENERAL FORMAT

break;
KEY POINT

 When beak statement is encountered inside


the loop, the loop is immediately exited.
 The break will exit only a single loop.
 The break statement is end with a semicolon.
EXITING A LOOP WITH BREAK STATEMENT
while (test condition) for ( a=1;a<=5;a++)
{ {
…….. Break;
Exit from if (condition) ……..
loop break; for (____________)
…….. {
} ………
……. ……..
}
Exit from …….
loop
}
Break: Example

Output:
0
1
2
3
SKIPPING A PART OF A LOOP
Under certain condition it is necessary to skip a part of
the body of the loop. This job can be performed by
continue statement.

GENERAL FORMAT

Continue;
KEY POINTS

 The continue statement tells the compiler


“skipping the following statements and continue
with the next iteration”.
 The continue statement is end with a
semicolon.
EXAMPLE
while (test condition) do
{ {
…….. ……..
if (condition) if (condition)
continue; continue;
…….. ……..
…….. ……..
} }
…….
while (test condition);
Example: Continue Statement

Output:
0
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
Practice Problem

Output:
0
Only this will appear! Really??
Practice Problem
Output:
0
1
2
3
4
Hurrah! Only this will appear!
Practice Problem

Output:
Sum = 25
PROGRAMS & OUTPUT

1
X=1
PROGRAMS & OUTPUT

1 0 3 2 7 6 13 12 21
X=21

You might also like