ORTHOGRAPHI

CPROJECTION
S MEE100
 Orthographic
■ OrthographicProjections
Projections is a technical drawing in which different
views of an object are projected on different reference planes
observing perpendicular to respective reference plane.
■ Different Reference planes are;
– Horizontal Plane (HP)
– Vertical Plane (VP)
– Side or Profile Plane (PP)
■ Different views are;
– Front View (FV) – Projected on VP
– Top View (TV) – Projected on HP
– Side View (SV) – Projected on PP
 NOTATIONS

Following notations should be followed while naming

Different views in orthographic projections.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP a ab
VIEW
IT’S FRONT VIEW a´ a´ b´

IT’S SIDE VIEW a´´ a´´ b´´

Same system of notations should be followed

incase numbers, like 1, 2, 3 – are used.

TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECT TO H.P.

AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECT TO V.P.
3
 Types of views

Projections

Parallel Converge

Orthogonal Oblique

Multiview Axonometric

Multi-view drawing Pictorial drawing Perspective drawing

 View comparison
Typ
e
Multi-view drawing Accurately presents Require training
object’s details, i.e. to
size and shape. visualization.

Pictorial drawing Easy to visualize. Shape and angle distortion

Circular hole
becomes
ellipse
Right angle becomes
obtuse angle.

Perspective drawing Object looks more Difficult to create

like what our Size and shape
eyes perceive. distortion
Distorted
width
 PLANE
S

PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)

A.V.P.
 to Hp &  to Vp


 PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.

PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.

Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program
is safe for your pc.

VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV

HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS
HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND AND DRAWN IN
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF
 Projection systems
1. First angle
system
First
- European
ISO countries quadran
standard t

2. Third angle
system
- Canada, USA,
Transparen
Japan, t planes
Opaqu
Thailand e
planes

Third
quadran
t
 Orthographic views
1st angle system 3rd angle system
(Opaque planes) (transparent planes/glass box)
 Orthographic views
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Foldin
g
line

Foldin
g
line
Foldin
g line

Foldin
g
line
 Views arrangement
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Top View

Right Side View Front View Front View Right Side View

Top View
 Projection
1st
symbols
angle system 3rd angle system

d 1.7d

2.2d
 Methods of Orthogonal
Projection
1. Natural Method: Revolve the object with respect to observer

2. Glass box method: The observer moves around the object.

Top view

Top view

Front
Right side
view
Front view Right side view play view
play
 Glass box : Revolution of the planes of
projection

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom
view
Relative orientation of
views

Depth
Width
Height
Summary : Problem solving
steps

1 2

3 4
 Steps for Orthographic Views
152
64 To
1. Select the
p
necessary
25~4
views 0
2. Layout the 45 Fron
t
selected
views on a 152
Choose a drawing scale
drawing (say 1:1)
sheet.
3. Complete x

each selected x

y
views. z
Top
4. Complete the
dimensions
y
x x
and notes.
Front
y

y
 View selection procedures

1. Orient the object to the best position relative

to a glass box.

2. Select the front view.

3. Select adjacent views.

 Suggestions: Orient the
object
1. The object should be placed in its natural position.
2. The orthographic views should represent the true size
and true shape of an object (as much as possible).

GOO NO
D !
 Suggestions: Select the front
view
1. The longest dimension of an object should be
presented as a width (in a front view).

First Inappropriate Second Good

choice choice
Use more space
 Suggestions: Select the front
view
2. The adjacent views project from the selected front
view should be appeared in a natural position.

Inappropriate
 Suggestions: Select the front
view
3. It has the fewest number of hidden
lines.

Good Inappropriate
 Suggestions: Select an adjacent
view
1. Choose the view that has the fewest number of hidden
lines.

Inappropriate

Inappropriate
 Suggestions: Select an adjacent
view
2. Choose the minimum number of views that can
represent the major features of the object.
All information is
placed on a single
view.
Necessary

Hole’s information is placed on

a separated view.

Necessary
 Suggestions: Select an adjacent
view
3. Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing
sheet.
Poor

Not enough space

for dimensioning.

Choose another adjacent Good Change orientation of Good

view. the selected views.
 Summar
y
View selection has 3
steps
Orient Select Select
the object front view adjacent
views
 Object that requires only one-view
Flat (thin) part having a uniform thickness such
as
a gasket, sheet metal etc.
Cylindrical-shaped part.

Example

1
Thick Adjacent views
provide only a
part’s thickness !
 Object that requires only one-view
Flat (thin) part having a uniform thickness such
as
a gasket, sheet metal etc.
Cylindrical-shaped part.
Exampl Exampl
e e
Repeat
!

Infer from
CL
 Object that requires only two-view
Identical adjacent view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.
(provides no additional information)
Example
Repeat !
 Object that requires only two-view
Identical view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.
(provides no additional information)
Example 1
 Object that requires only two-view
Identical view exists.
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.
(provides no additional information)
Example 2
 Example-1

Steps to draw projections

■ Identify surfaces
perpendicular or inclined to
the view
■ Surfaces parallel to the view
would not be visible in that
view.
■ First draw horizontal and
vertical reference planes
(easily identifiable on
drawing)
■ Start drawing from the
reference planes.
 Vertical reference

Top view
plane (VP)

Horizontal
reference
plane (HP)
 Midpoin
t
35

Φ
70 50
50

80+40+80=200 H
Front P Side
view view

70 30+20=5
0
20

80 40

V
Top P
 +

70 Φ
50 50
25

200 25 125
Front view Side
view

70 50
20

40
80 20 80

Top
 FOR T.V.

Example-2

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

x y

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V. Example-
3
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
Example-
4

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V. Example-5

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 Example-6
FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-7
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

35
FV

35

x 10 y

10 20 30

40

70

TV
O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS
GIVEN
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
Example-8 14

FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FV

30 10 30 SV

30

10

30
x y

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

TV
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
Example-9 15

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

FV SV

x y

10
40 60

40
TV
60
P
I
C
T
 FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
Example-
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
10
FV
SV

x y
10

40 60

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

40
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 60
 PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
30
FOR T.V.
Example- 11 FV
RECT.
SLOT

10
35 50

10
X Y

20
D

TV

60 D
30 D

TOP VIEW
 FOR T.V.
Example- ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
12
450

30
FV

40

X Y

30 D

40 TV

O
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS
15
GIVEN 40
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 Example-
13
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

10 10 15

25

25
X Y
O 50 10

FV LSV

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
Example- ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

14 FRONT VIEW
L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN
DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD