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 Classification of matter

Anything that has Matter

mass and occupies
space.

Physical Chemical
classification classification

Liquid: No
Solid: specific Gas:
Definite shape & shape but No fixed shape &
volume definite volume
volume
 Classification of matter

Matter

Physical Chemical
classification classification

Pure
Mixture:
substance:
Variable
Fixed
composition
composition
 Classification of matter

Chemical
Classification

Mixture Pure substance

Homogeneous Heterogeneous Element Compound

 Properties of matter

Properties of Matter

Physical properties Chemical properties

Properties which can be

measured or observed without
Properties which can be
changing the identity or the
measured only by a chemical
composition of the substance.
reaction.
Colour, melting point, boiling
point, density etc.
Acidity or basicity,
combustibility, etc.
 Measurement of Physical Properties

Number

Any quantitative observation or

measurement such as length, area,
volume, etc. is represented by a
Length of a room = 6 m
number followed by units in
which it is measured.

Unit in which
length is
measured
 Unit

A unit is the standard of

reference chosen to
measure or express any
physical quantity.

S.I. system has seven base units

pertaining to the seven
fundamental scientific quantities.
 The International System of Units (S.I.)

Base Physical Symbol for Name of S.I. unit Symbol for

Quantity Quantity S.I. unit

Length l Meter m

Mass m Kilogram kg

Time t Second s

Electric current I Ampere A

Thermodynamic
T Kelvin K
temperature

Amount of
n Mole mol
substance

Luminous
Iv Candela cd
intensity
The International System of Units (S.I.)

Derived unit

The physical quantities unit which are

derived using the S.I. base units in
combinations.

Unit of area (m2),

Example unit of density (kg m−3)
 Mass and Weight

Mass of a substance is the

amount of matter
present in it, while weight is
the force exerted by gravity
on an object.

The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram

 Volume

Volume is the amount of space

occupied by a substance. It has
the unit of (length)3

In S.I. system, volume has unit of m3

 Volume

Volume of one unit = 1 cm3 = 1 mL

Total volume = 1000 cm3 = 1000 mL

= 1 dm3 = 1
L
 Density

Density is the
amount of mass It’s S.I. unit is
present per unit kg m-3.
volume.
 Temperature

02 03
K
There are three
01 °F
(kelvin)
(degree
common scales to °C
fahrenheit)
measure (degree celsius)
temperature

°F = 9
5 (°C ) + 32

S.I. unit is kelvin.

K = °C + 273.15
 Temperature

Boiling point of
Water

373 K 100 oC 212 oF

Room temp.
298 K 25 oC 77 oF

273.15 K 0 oC 32 oF
Freezing point of water
Fahrenheit
Kelvin Celsius
 Pressure

SI Unit = N/m2 or Pa

Generally, atm (atmospheric pressure) is used

in chemistry and sometimes other units are also
used.
 Pressure (Unit Conversions)

1 atm = 1.01325 bar (approximated as 1 bar)

1 atm = 760 mm Hg

1 atm = 760 torr (Hence, 1 mm Hg = 1 torr)

1.01325 × 105 N/m2 or Pa; which can be

1 atm = taken approx. equal to 105 N/m2
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

● Matter consists of tiny particles called atoms.

● All the atoms of a given element have identical properties including identical
mass. Atoms of different elements differ in mass.

● Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in a fixed

ratio.

● Chemical reactions involve rearrangement of atoms.

 Drawbacks

● According to the theory, atom is indivisible but atom can be divided into
electrons, neutrons and protons.

● Atoms of same element can have different masses as in case of isotopes and
isobars.

● Reactions that does not react with simple whole number ratio of
reactants are known as non-stoichiometric reactions.
 Laws of Chemical Combination

1 Law of Conservation of Mass

2 Law of Definite Proportions

Law of Multiple Proportions and Law of

3 Reciprocal Proportions
 Law of Conservation of Mass

● Statement: It states that matter can neither be created nor

destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes.

● Explanation: In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants

is always equal to the total mass of

products formed. Carbon

Oxygen dioxide and
water vapor

Start End
 Let’s understand

H H O
H H

O O

H H O
H H

Reactants: Products:
4H+2O 4H+2O
atoms atoms
 Law of Definite Proportions

● Statement: A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by
weight irrespective of the source or method of preparation.

2:1
4 parts 2 parts 2 gaseous
hydrogen oxygen water

Molecular weight of water = 18 amu

2 H atoms : 2 amu
+ % Hydrogen by weight : 11.11%
1 O atom : 16 amu
% Oxygen by weight : 88.89%
 Definition of mole

1 mole of a substance is defined as the number of

entities same as the number of atoms present in 12g
C12 isotope. This is equal to Avogadro’s number.

Avogadro’s number = 6.022 x 1023

 Atomic Mass

Mass of an atom

Equal to summation of mass of

subatomic particles

Neutron (no) Electron (e−) Proton (p+)

 Atomic Mass Unit

The quantity 1/12 x (mass of an atom of C–12) is known as atomic mass unit.

1 amu = 1 Dalton (Da) = 1u where,

u stands for unified mass
The actual mass of one atom of C-12 = 1.9924 × 10–26 kg

1.9924 x 10-26 kg
1 amu =
12

= 1.66 × 10–27 kg
= 1.66 × 10–24 g
= 1/NA g
 Units of Atomic Mass

Atomic mass = (Mass number) × (1.66 × 10−24 g)

= (A) × (1 amu)

= (A) × (1 u)

= (A) × (1 Da)
 Mass of Subatomic Particles

Mass (no) : Mass (p+) : mass (e−)

1.68 × 10−24 g : 1.67 × 10−24 g : 9.1 × 10−28 g

1
1 : 0.994 : 1837

1.0087 amu 1.00728 amu 0.0005 amu

Mass (no) ≈ Mass (p+) > > Mass (e−)

Hence, mass of electron is negligible

with respect to proton or neutron
 Atomic Number and Mass Number

Z
E
Element
‘A’ is Mass number

‘Z’ is Atomic number

Atomic number (Z) = Total no. of protons

Total no. of
Mass number (A) = (protons + neutrons)
 Molecular Mass

Molecular mass numerically indicates the mass of a molecule.

Summation of mass of all the atoms that are contained in a molecule.

Example: Ammonia (NH3)

1 N atom 3 H atoms
Atomic mass = 14.00 u Atomic mass = 1.008 u

Molecular mass = (1 x 14.00 + 3 × 1.008) u

= 17.024 u
 Molar Mass

Mass of 1 banana x 12 bananas = 1 dozen mass

Similarly,

Mass of 1 atom x NA atoms = molar mass

Mass of 1 molecule x NA molecules = molar mass (of molecules) Mass of 1 ion

x NA ions = molar mass (of ions)

Unit of molar mass = g/mol

 Molar Mass

Example:
Mass of 1 Carbon atom x NA = Molar Mass of Carbon
= 12 u x 6.022 x 1023

1
But, = g
1u
NA

Therefore, 12 x 6.022 x 1023

12 u x 6.022 x 1023 = g
6.022 x 1023
= 12 g
= Molar Mass of carbon
 Mole-Mass Conversion

‘Molar mass’ g of the substance contains 1 mole of the substance

Therefore,

W
“W” g of the substance contains mole of the substance
Molar Mass
Hence,

Mass
Moles =
Molar Mass
 Molar volume at STP

S.T.P. (Standard Temperature and Pressure)

At STP condition
Temperature = 0oC or 273 K

Pressure = 1 Bar

Molar volume = volume of 1 mole of gas Molar

volume at STP = 22.7 L

1 atm = 1.01 Bar

 Molar volume at STP

⍴(H2 at STP) = 0.089 g/L

M
Now using Density =
V
2 g/mol
0.089 g/L =
V

Hence, molar volume V m (L/mol) = 20.089

g/mol
g/L

Vm = 22.7 L at STP
 Summarizing

Number × NA Volume at
× 22.4 L STP(atm)

÷ NA ÷ 22.4 L
MOLE

÷ Molar mass × Molar mass

Mass
 Percentage Composition

Defined as mass of an element present in 100 g compound.

Mass of that element in one mole of the compound

Mass % of an element =
Molar mass of the compound × 100

Molar mass of CO2 = 12 + 2(16) = 44 g

Example: 12
CO2 Mass % of Carbon = × 100 = 27.27 %
44

(2 × 16)
Mass % of Oxygen = × 100 = 72.72 %
44
Composition of Earth’s Crust

Earth’s Crust

46.6 % Oxygen
27.7 % Silica
8.3 % Aluminum 5 %
Iron
3.6 % Calcium
2.8 % Sodium
2.6 % Potassium
2.1 % Magnesium
2 % Other Elements
 Periodic
Classification
 Developments in Periodic Classification

Newlands’ Mendeleev Modern

Dobereiner’s
Law of Periodic Periodic
Triads
Octaves Table Table
 Triads

01
Group of three elements
possessing similar
properties

02

Arrangement of the elements in

increasing order of their atomic
mass
 Dobereiner’s Law of Triads

Na
Example:

Li K

Mean atomic mass of 1st

Elements Atomic Mass & 3rd element

Li 7

Na 23 7 + 39 = 23
K 39 2
 Newlands’ Law of Octaves (1865)

Arrangement of the elements in increasing order of their atomic weights, noting that properties
of every eighth element is similar to the first element.

Element Li Be B C N O F

At. Wt. 7 9 11 12 14 16 19

Element At. wt. Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Element At. wt. 23 24 27 29 31 32 35.5

K Ca

39 40

Drawbacks of Newland’s Octaves: Applicable only upto Calcium

 Mendeleev's Periodic table (1869)

● Arranged 63 known elements in increasing order of atomic weight.

● Elements with similar physical and chemical properties occupy same subcolumn.

● According to Mendeleev,
“the properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic weights.”

● There exist 8 vertical columns(called ‘Groups’) and 7 horizontal rows (called

‘Periods’) in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
 Merits of Mendeleev's Periodic table

● He ignored the order of atomic weights and placed the elements with similar properties
together.

● He adjusted atomic weights of elements assuming that they were not measured
accurately.

● He predicted the properties of some undiscovered.

● elements and left several gaps.

● Two of them are under aluminium, and are called

● Eka-Aluminium and Eka-Silicon.

Drawbacks of Mendeleev's Periodic Table

Hydrogen did not have a

fixed position

No regular trend in increasing order

of atomic mass

Isotopes failed to comply with

the periodic table
 Modern Periodic Law

Physical and chemical properties of elements are a

periodic function of their atomic number

Repetition of properties of elements after

regular intervals

Elements arranged in order of

increasing atomic number
 Modern Periodic Table

Periods: Horizontal Groups: Vertical

rows (7) column (18)
 Classification of elements

On the basis of nature

Metals Non Metals Metalloids

Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids
 Classification of elements

Metal

Good conductor Lose electron(s) easily

High lustre Ductile & Malleable

 Classification of elements

Non-metal

Poor conductors Brittle Gain electron(s) easily

 Classification of elements

Metalloids

Properties depend on
Semiconductor Brittle
conditions
 Shielding effect

Outer electrons experience an attractive force from the

nucleus & repulsive forces from the other electrons

+3

Repulsion
Attraction
 Shielding effect

Effect in which the inner electrons shield the valence electron(s)

from the attraction of the nucleus

Attraction between the Due to the repulsions

In a multi-electron
outer electron & the with the inner electrons
system
nucleus decreases

Strength of Shielding effect s>p>d>f

 Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff)

Refers to the actual charge

experienced by the outermost
electrons

Shielding decreases the

nuclear attraction

Zeff increases from left to right across a period

Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F < Ne

Trends Across the Periodic Table

01 02

Atomic Ionization
radius energy

03 04

Electron Electro-
gain negativity
enthalpy
 Atomic Radius

Distance between the

centre of the nucleus and
the outermost electron(s)
of an atom
 Factors Affecting Atomic Radii

Number of shells

Atomic Radius ∝ Number of shells

Example

Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li

 Factors Affecting Atomic Radii

Effective nuclear
charge

1
Atomic Radius ∝
Effective nuclear charge

Example

Li > Be > B > C > N > O > F

Variation of Atomic Radii in a Group

Distance between valence

electrons & nucleus

Atomic radius
 Variation of Atomic Radii in a Group

300
Alkali
250 Cs(262) Metals
At Rb(244)
K(231)
o 200
mi Na(186)
c 150
Li(152) Halogens
ra I(133)
di 100 Br(114)
us Cl(99)

(p 50 F(72)
m)

Atomic number (Z)

Variation of Atomic Radii in a Period

Atomic number
, Zeff

Attraction between valence

electrons & nucleus

Atomic Radius
 Variation of Atomic Radii in a Period

160 Li

140
At 2nd Period
o
mi 120
c Be
ra
100
di
us B
(p 80 C
N
m)
O F
60
2 10
4 6 8

Atomic number (Z)

 Ionization Energy

Minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from
an isolated gaseous atom in its ground state

M (g) M+ (g) + e-

Unit - kJ/mol, kcal/mol, eV

Quantitative measure of the tendency of an element to

lose an electron
 Ionization Energy

Easier it is for a neutral

Smaller is the
atom to change itself to a
ionization energy
positive ion

Energy required to remove the outermost electron from a gaseous

neutral atom

M (g) M+ (g) + e- , IE1

Energy required to remove the second most loosely bound electron

M+ (g) M2+ (g) + e- , IE2

Ionization Energy in a Period

Across a period

Zeff

I.E.
Ionization Energy in a Group

Down the group

Size

I.E.
Electron Gain Enthalpy (ΔegH)

Enthalpy change when

an electron is added to
a neutral gaseous atom
to convert it into a
gaseous anion

X (g) + e- X- (g) kJ/mol

 Electron Gain Enthalpy

Electron Gain Enthalpy

Positive Negative

When energy is When energy is

absorbed released
 Positive v/s Negative (Δeg H)

Positive Negative

Energy absorbed on addition of Energy released on addition of

electron : ΔegH is positive electron : ΔegH is negative

Addition of an electron Addition of an electron

makes an atom unstable makes an atom stable
Electron Gain Enthalpy Across a Period

Across a period

Zeff

Magnitude of ΔegH
 Trend in 2nd Period

Fully filled subshell

Ne < Be < N < Li < B < C < O < F

Half filled subshell

Electron Gain Enthalpy Down the Group

Down the group

Size

Magnitude of ΔegH
 Electron Gain Enthalpy Down the Group

Magnitudes of ΔegH of 3rd period Than corresponding 2nd period ‘p’

elements are greater block elements

Cl > F S>O

P>N Si > C

Al > B
 Why Such Exceptions…?

In their respective
F and O Smallest size
group

System becomes
Addition of Electron-electron
comparatively
electron causes repulsion
unstable
 Why Such Exceptions…?

Easy to add an
Due to larger size
electron to Cl and S

Cl has the highest negative ΔegH

value

Unstable
ΔegH of Noble
Positive electronic
gases
configuration
 Factors Affecting Electron Gain Enthalpy

Magnitude of electron gain

enthalpy
ΔegH

Atomic size Screening effect

Zeff
Electronegativity (E.N. or 𝜒)

Measure of the tendency of an

atom to attract the shared
electrons towards itself in a
covalently bonded molecule
 Electronegativity (E.N. or 𝜒)

1 E.N. is not a property of an isolated atom

E.N. of an atom may be different in

2
different molecules

3 E.N. is not a measurable property

 Electronegativity

Pauling scale is the most

commonly used scale
for E.N.

Highest Assigned
F value 4.0
E.N.
Electronegativity values (Pauling scale)
Factors Affecting Electronegativity

Distance between the nucleus & the

valence shell electrons

Force of attraction b/w the nucleus & the

valence shell electrons

Electronegativity value
Factors Affecting Electronegativity

Zeff

Force of attraction b/w the nucleus &

the valence shell electrons

Electronegativity value
Factors Affecting Electronegativity

Magnitude of positive charge

on the atom

Force of attraction b/w the nucleus &

the valence shell electrons

Electronegativity value
 Electronegativity Across a Period

Across a period, Atomic radius ,

Electronegativity

Elements Li Be B C N O F

E.N. (Pauling Scale) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Electronegativity Down a Group

Down the group , Atomic radius

,Electronegativity

Elements (Group Electronegativity value

17)

F 4.0

Cl 3.0

Br 2.8

I 2.5
De Electronegativity Increases
cre
as De Ionization Energy Increases
es cre
Atomic Radius Decreases
as Inc
es re
as Electron Gain Enthalpy Increases
De
es cre
as
es
 Chemical Bond

Attractive force which holds

In different chemical
various constituents such as atoms,
species
ions etc., together

Why Chemical Bond forms?

Bonding is a way of reducing the energy

of a system to attain stability
 Potential Energy Curve

Po Internuclear distance, r (pm)

te r0
0
nti r = 300
al
en r = 150 H H
er HH
gy
(kJ - 435.8 r = 74
/m
ol) H
H

Observed bond distance in H2

 Types of Bonds

Chemical Bond

Electropositive and Two Two

Electronegative Electronegative Electropositive
Atoms Atoms Atoms

Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Metallic Bond

Ionic Bond or Electrovalent Bond

Electrostatic force of attraction between

oppositely charged ions

Na Na+ + e−

Cl + e− Cl−

Na+ + Cl− NaCl

 Why Ionic Bond forms?

To attain stable electronic

configuration

Elements lose or gain electron(s) in order to

have an octet in their valence shell
 Ionic Bond or Electrovalent Bond

e─ Electronegative
Electropositive atom
atom

Number of electrons lost or gained in

formation of ionic solid is known as
electrovalency.

Example:

Electrovalency 1
Favorable conditions for formation of Ionic Bond

Favorable condition

I.E. ΔegH
Lattice
Δ E.N. (electroposi- (electronega- tive Energy
tive element) element)

High negative
High Low High
value
 Lattice Energy

One mole of a solid ionic

Energy required to
compound into gaseous
completely separate
constituent ions

NaCl (s) Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)

Factors Affecting Lattice Energy

1
Lattice Energy (L.E) ∝
r

r+ + r− = r

r Interionic distance

r+ Radius of the cation

r- Radius of the anion

Factors Affecting Lattice Energy

Lattice Energy (L.E) ∝ Z+ Z

Charge on Cation
Z+

Z Charge on Anion
 Lattice Energy

Charge is the deciding factor

Ionic
compound r (Å) Z+ . Z L.E. (kJ mol-1)

LiF 2.01 1 1004 kJ mol-1

MgO 2.10 4 3933 kJ mol-1

 Order of Lattice Energy

KI < KBr < KCl < KF

BaO < SrO < CaO < MgO < BeO

NaF < MgF2 < AlF3

Properties of Ionic compounds

1 Soluble in polar solvent

2 High M.P. & B.P.

Conduct electricity in
3 aqueous & molten state

Exhibit isomorphism &

4
polymorphism
Ionic Compounds
 Covalent Bond

Formed by sharing electrons

Formed by the mutual shared pair

sharing of electrons
of electrons
between two atoms
 Single Covalent Bond

One pair of electrons is

01 shared
 Double Covalent Bond

Two pair of electrons are

02 shared
 Triple Covalent Bond

Three pair of electrons are

03 shared
Coordinate Bond

A bond in which the shared pair

of electrons originate from one
atom and none from the other
 Metallic Bond

Electrostatic force of attraction between a metal

kernel and a valence electron

Nucleus plus the

Kernel
inner electrons

Mobile or free Valence

electrons electrons
 Strength of Metallic Bond

Many mechanical properties of metals can be related to

the strength of the metallic bond

Melting point (M.P.) & hardness

M.P. &
Strength of
hardness of ∝ metallic bond
metal
 Conducting Properties of Metals

Presence of free electrons Presence of free electrons

Transfer of K.E. between

Movement of electrons
electrons by collision

Good conductor of electricity Good conductor of Heat

Lustre
 Malleability & Ductility

Malleability Ductility

Can be beaten Can be drawn

into sheets into wires
 Allotropes of C

Allotropes of C

Diamond Graphite Fullerene

 Diamond

Each C is linked to four other

01 carbons and the C-C bond length is
154 pm.

The structure extends in space &

produces a rigid 3D network of carbon 02
atoms.
 Diamond

It is very difficult to break extended

Diamond is an
covalent bonding which makes
excellent electrical
diamond one of the hardest
insulator
substance on the earth.
 Uses of Diamond

Abrasive for sharpening hard

01 tools.

As a gem 02

Manufacture of tungsten
03 filaments for electric light bulbs
Uses of Diamond

Uses of
Diamond
 Graphite

Graphite has a layered structure and the

01 distance between two layers is 340 pm.

Each layer is composed of planar

hexagonal rings of C atoms. 02
 Graphite

Graphite cleaves easily between the

03 layers and is hence very soft and
slippery.

Graphite is used as a dry lubricant in machines

running at high temperatures, where oil cannot be 04
used as a lubricant.
 Graphite

Electrons are mobile &

delocalised over the whole sheet.
Therefore, graphite conducts
electricity along the sheet.
 Buckminsterfullerene (C60)

Fullerenes are cage like

molecules.
C60 molecule has a shape like a
soccer ball and is called
Buckminsterfullerene.
Buckminsterfullerene (C60)

It contains 20
01 six-membered rings and
12 five-membered rings.

A six-membered ring is
fused with six or five- 02
membered rings.

Five-membered rings are fused

03 only with
six-membered rings
 WWoo

oodd
Human Skin Food

Organic
Chemistry

DDeteetregrg Plastics

eenntt
Soaps
 Organic Compounds

Compounds of carbon &

hydrogen and their derivatives

The study of these compounds are

done in a separate branch of chemistry
called Organic Chemistry
Why are there countless organic
compounds around us?

a) Tetravalency of Carbon

b) Catenation

c) Tendency to form bonds

with other non-metals
Tetravalency of Carbon

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Methane Tetrachloromethane
 Catenation

Linear Chain

Ring

Branched Chain
 Catenation

Single Double Triple

Tendency to form Bonds with other Non-metals

N O
C

Organic compounds may

Elements necessary for possess
an organic compound

X P S

H
Where X: F, Cl, Br, I
 Bonding in Organic Compounds

Types of Covalent Bond

Sigma (𝛔) Pi (π)

 Bonding in Organic Compounds

Number of 𝛑 bonds of a C
atom Hybridization of C

0 sp3

1 sp2

2 sp
 3D Representation of Organic Molecules

Dashed bond
(bond away from
the observer)

Wedged bond
(bond towards the
observer)
 Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons
Compounds that
contain only carbon
and hydrogen
Saturated Unsaturated
Saturated Hydrocarbons

If each C atom is joined to

four other atoms (C or H), it
has no potential to form more
bonds and is therefore
saturated.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

C atoms forming
C = C or C ≡ C bonds have the
potential to bond with at least
one more monovalent atom and
are therefore unsaturated.
 Functional Group

The characteristic group of atom which decides

Functional Group the physical and chemical properties of an
organic molecule.
Nomenclature of Organic
Compounds
 Naming

Organic compounds were assigned names

Common
initially based on their origin or certain
Name
properties

Citrus
Citric acid
fruits

Example:

Formic acid Red ants

 Naming

Common Acetic
Name Acid

Example:

IUPAC Ethanoic
Name Acid
 IUPAC

International Union of
Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC)

Standard rules set by

 IUPAC Nomenclature

IUPAC name consists of

Prefix Word Root Suffix

Secondary Primary Primary Secondary

 Word Root

Number of carbon atoms in the

parent chain Word Root

1 Meth

2 Eth

3 Prop

4 But

5 Pent

6 Hex
 Word Root

Number of carbon atoms in the

parent chain Word Root

7 Hept

8 Oct

9 Non

10 Dec

11 Undec

12 Dodec
 Primary Suffix

Carbon chain Primary suffix General name

-ane Alkane
Saturated
Unsaturated with
one double bond -ene Alkene

Unsaturated with
one triple bond -yne Alkyne

Unsaturated with
double bond and a - enyne Alkenyne
triple bond
Naming Saturated Hydrocarbons

Word Root + Primary Suffix

= But + ane

Butane
 Naming Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Word Root + Primary Suffix Word Root + Primary Suffix

= Prop + ene = Prop + yne

Propene Propyne
Primary Prefix

A primary prefix is
simply used to
distinguish cyclic
from acyclic
compounds
 Naming

Cyclo + Pent + ane = Cyclopentane

Primar y Word Primary IUPAC

Prefix root Suffix name
 Isomerism

Structural isomers
(Constitutional)
The phenomenon of existence of two or more
compounds possessing the same molecular
formula but different properties is known as
isomerism. Isomers
Such compounds are known as
isomers.

Stereoisomers
(Space/3D)
 Structural Isomers

Compounds having the same molecular formula but

different structural formula i.e.
they differ in the bonding sequence of their atoms.
 Stereoisomers

Isomers that have the same bonding sequence

of atoms & groups but differ from each other only in
the way their atoms are oriented in space
 Types of Reaction

Substitution Rearrangement

Addition Elimination
 Substitution Reaction

h𝛎
+ 2 +
Addition Reaction

+
 Elimination Reaction

Δ H H
alc. KOH
C C
H H
X
X = Cl, Br, I
Rearrangement Reaction

Br
AlBr3
Br