BASIC

ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS
RESISTORS
WHAT ARE
RESISTORS?
 A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to
divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses
WHAT ARE
RESISTORS?
 Resistors are the most fundamental and commonly used of all the
electronic components, to the point where they are almost taken for
granted but they play a vital role within a circuit. Ohms(Ω) unit of
resistance
 CLASSIFICATION
 Resistors can be classified as fixed or variable in
value.
 A fixed resistors has a resistance that doesn’t
change. The most common type of fixed
resistors includes carbon-composition, carbon-
film, metal-film, wire-wound and surface
mount chip resistors.
FIXED AND VARIABLE
RESISTORS
RESISTORS COLOR CODING
 RESISTORS IN SERIES AND
PARALLEL CIRCUIT

• If connected in series circuit its function is to limit

voltage
• If connected in parallel circuit its function is to limit
current value
NOTE
-K
-M
-G
EXAMPLE:
1000Ω or 1KΩ
1000000Ω or 1MΩ
1000000000Ω or 1GΩ
RESISTORS COLOR CODING
RESISTORS COLOR CODING
LET’S TRY

1st band 2nd band 3rd band 4th band

brown black orange gold

1 0 1000 5%
POTENTIOMETER
PURPOSE OF
TOLERANCE
 To get the minimum and maximum values needed for
replacement.
 EXAMPLE:
1000Ω 5%
5% of 1000 is 50 (1000x0.05)

Maximum 1000+50 = 1050 Ω

Minimum 1000-50 = 950 Ω
PURPOSE OF
TOLERANCE
 To get the minimum and maximum values needed for
replacement.
 EXAMPLE:
56Ω 5%
5% of 56 is 2.8 (56x0.05)

Maximum 56+2.8 = 58.8 Ω

Minimum 56-2.8 = 53.2 Ω
PURPOSE OF
TOLERANCE
 To get the minimum and maximum values needed for
replacement.
 EXAMPLE:
1.2kΩ 5%
5% of 1.2k is 60 (1.2k x0.05)

Maximum 1.2k + 60 = 1260 Ω

Minimum 1.2k - 60 = 1140 Ω
 STEPS IN TESTING
RESISTORS
Refer to your color coded-value and
choose your proper multiplier.
X1 = Ones value
X10 = Tenths
X100 = Hundred value
X1k = Thousand
X100k = above 10000 values
STEPS IN TESTING IN
RESISTORS
After choosing the proper
multiplier, perform 0 Ω adjustment
procedures by shorting the 2 test
probes and make it sure it deflects
exactly to 0 Ω: if not adjust to 0 Ω
adjustment knob for accuracy
purpose.
STEPS IN TESTING IN
RESISTORS
Read the deflection of the pointer
and multiply it to the choose
multiplier.
STATUS OF
RESISTORS
 GOOD - The color coded value is exactly equal to
measured value or measured is within the 20%
allowable values.
 OPENED - The measured value is ,more than the
20% compared to color-coded value.
 SHORTED – The measured value is less than
20%compared to the color coded value.
 LEAKY- Going to shorted status.
 LET’S TRY!
CCV MV STATUS
2500Ω 2000Ω GOOD
20% of 2500 is 500 the minimum value is 2000Ω
and the maximum value is 3000Ω

Therefore the values below 2000 are considered

shorted and values above 3000Ω are considered
opened. So 2000Ω is still good.
CAPACITOR
 Capacitors are simple passive device that can store
an electrical charge on their plates when connected
to a voltage source
 capacitor is a component which has the ability or
“capacity” to store energy in the form of an
electrical charge producing a potential difference
(Static Voltage) across its plates, much like a small
rechargeable battery.
CAPACITOR
 Capacitance is the electrical property of a capacitor
and is the measure of a capacitors ability to store an
electrical charge onto its two plates with the unit of
capacitance being the Farad (abbreviated to F)
named after the British physicist Michael Faraday.
 Farad is a very large unit of measurement to use on
its own so sub-multiples of the Farad are generally
used such as micro-farads, nano-farads and pico-
farads, for example.
 STANDARD UNITS OF
CAPACITANCE
Microfarad (μF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000 =
0.000001 = 10-6 F
Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 =
0.000000001 = 10-9 F
Picofarad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000
= 0.000000000001 = 10-12 F
ELECTRONIC PREFIXES
 CLASSIFICATION
Polarized capacitor Capacitor that have
implicit type of
polarity, it can only
be connected one
way in a circuit

Non polarized Capacitor that has

capacitors no implicit polarity
it can be connected
either way in a
circuit
TYPES OF CAPACITORS
Electrolytic Capacitors are generally used
when very large capacitance values are
required.
The majority of electrolytic types of
capacitors are Polarised, that is the DC
voltage applied to the capacitor terminals
must be of the correct polarity, i.e. positive to
the positive terminal and negative to the
negative terminal as an incorrect polarisation
will break down the insulating oxide layer
and permanent damage may result.
TYPES OF CAPACITORS
All polarized electrolytic capacitors have
their polarity clearly marked with a
negative sign to indicate the negative
terminal and this polarity must be
followed.
TANTALUM CAPACITOR
 Tantalum capacitor are inherently polarized
components. Reverse voltage can destroy the
capacitor.
CERAMIC CAPACITORS
 A non polarized fixed capacitor made out of two or
more alternating layers of ceramic and metal in
which the ceramic materials act as the dielectric
and the metal acts as the electrodes.
HOW TO READ CAPACITOR
WITH NUMERIC CODING
MULTIPLIER TABLE FOR
CERAMIC
Number Multiply by or additional
no. of zeros
0 None (0)
1 10 (1)
2 100 (2)
3 1000 (3)
4 10000 (4)
5 100000 (5)
6 1000000 (6)
COMMON TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT CODES
(CERAMIC)
 TESTING
CAPACITORS
Use the ohmmeter function of the
multitester
 X10 = electrolytic capacitor
 X100 = very small electrolytic type
 X100k = other types of capacitor
Place the positive probe into the negative foot
of the capacitor while the negative probe into
the positive foot. This process store electrical
charge in a little space between the plates of
the capacitor.
TESTING
CAPACITORS
TESTING
CAPACITORS
Then repeat the process in reverse
order. place the positive probe into the
positive foot of the capacitor while the
negative probe to the negative foot.
Note do it few times to make sure the
results is correct.
 STATUS OF
CAPACITOR
 Good = initially, it will show high resistance, and
then gradually increases towards the infinite. It
means that the capacitor is good condition.
 Opened = an open capacitor will not show any
movement or deflection on ohmmeter screen
 Shorted = capacitor will show very low
resistance..
 Leaky = initially, it will show low resistance, and
then gradually increases but never reach the
infinite.
 DIODE
 A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially
acts as a one-way switch for current. It allows
current to flow easily in one direction, but severely
restricts current from flowing in the opposite
direction.
 Diodes are also known as rectifiers because they
change alternating current (ac) into pulsating direct
current (dc). Diodes are rated according to their
type, voltage, and current capacity.
DIODE
 Diodes have polarity, determined by
an anode (positive lead) and cathode (negative
lead). Most diodes allow current to flow only
when positive voltage is applied to the anode.
 When a diode allows current flow, it is forward-
biased. When a diode is reverse-biased, it acts
as an insulator and does not permit current to
flow.
DIODE
DIODE IN CIRCUITS
 When placed in a simple circuit , the diode
will either allow or prevent current through
the lamp, depending on the polarity of the
applied voltage
 TYPES OF
 DIODE:
RECTIFIER DIODE
 A Rectifier Diode lets electrical current flow in
only one direction and is mainly used for power
supply operation.
 Rectifier diode can handle higher current flow
than regular diodes and are generally used in
order to change alternating current to direct
current
RECTIFIER
DIODE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
RECTIFIER
Rectifiers are mainly classified into two types
as:
 Uncontrolled Rectifier
 Controlled Rectifier
UNCONTROLLED
RECTIFIERS
The type of rectifier whose voltage cannot be controlled is
known as an uncontrolled rectifier. Uncontrolled rectifiers
are further divided as follows:
Half Wave Rectifier
Full Wave Rectifier
The type of rectifier that converts only the half cycle of the
alternating current into the direct current is known as a half-
wave rectifier. Likewise, a full-wave rectifier converts both
positive and negative half cycles of the AC. An example of
this is a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier uses 4 diodes that
are connected in the form of a Wheatstone bridge
CONTROLLED
RECTIFIERS
 A type of rectifier whose voltage can be varied is known as
the controlled rectifier. We use SCRs, MOSFETs and IGBTs
to make an uncontrolled rectifier a controlled one. These
rectifiers are preferred over their uncontrolled counterparts.
There are two types of controlled rectifiers, and they are
Half Wave Controlled Rectifier and Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier. Half-wave controlled rectifier has the same design
as the half-wave uncontrolled rectifier except we replace the
diode with an SCR.
FULL WAVE
RECTIFIERS
A full wave rectifier is defined as a
rectifier that converts the complete
cycle of alternating current into
pulsating DC
FULL WAVE
RECTIFIERS
 The circuit of the full wave rectifier can be constructed
in two ways. The first method uses a center tapped
transformer and two diodes. This arrangement is
known as a center tapped full wave rectifier. The
second method uses a standard transformer with four
diodes arranged as a bridge. This is known as a bridge
rectifier. In the next section, we will restrict the
discussion to the center tapped full wave rectifier only.
You can read our article on bridge rectifier to learn the
construction and working of bridge rectifier in detail
ADVANTAGES OF FULL WAVE
RECTIFIER
 The rectification efficiency of full wave rectifiers is double that of half
wave rectifiers. The efficiency of half wave rectifiers is 40.6% while the
rectification efficiency of full wave rectifiers is 81.2%.
 The ripple factor in full wave rectifiers is low hence a simple filter is
required. The value of ripple factor in full wave rectifier is 0.482 while
in half wave rectifier it is about 1.21.
 The output voltage and the output power obtained in full wave rectifiers
are higher than that obtained using half wave rectifiers.
 The only disadvantage of the full wave rectifier is that they need more
circuit elements than the half wave rectifier which makes, making it
costlier.
FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS
 What is a full wave rectifier?
Full wave rectifiers convert both polarities of the input
AC waveform to pulsating DC.
 Why do we use a capacitor in full wave rectifier
circuit?
A capacitor is used in the circuit to reduce the ripple
factor.
 What is a centre tapped full wave rectifier?
A centre tapped full wave rectifier is a type of rectifier
that uses a centre tapped transformer and two diodes to
convert the complete AC signal into DC signal.
 FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS
 Where is a full wave rectifier used?

A full wave rectifier is used in signal modulation and in electric welding.

 What are the disadvantages of full wave rectifiers?

The full wave rectifiers are not suitable to use when a small voltage is required
to be rectified. This is because, in a fullwave circuit, two diodes are connected
in series and offer double voltage drop due to internal resistances.
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
 Half-wave rectifiers transform AC voltage to DC voltage. A halfwave
rectifier circuit uses only one diode for the transformation. A halfwave
rectifier is defined as a type of rectifier that allows only one-half cycle
of an AC voltage waveform to pass while blocking the other half cycle.
In this session, let us know in detail about the half-wave rectifier
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
CIRCUIT
 A half-wave rectifier is the simplest form of the rectifier and requires
only one diode for the construction of a halfwave rectifier circuit.
 A halfwave rectifier circuit consists of three main components as
follows:
 A diode
 A transformer
 A resistive load
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
CIRCUIT
WORKING OF HALF WAVE
RECTIFIER
 In this section, let us understand how a half-wave rectifier transforms
AC into DC.
 A high AC voltage is applied to the primary side of the step-down
transformer. The obtained secondary low voltage is applied to the diode.
 The diode is forward biased during the positive half cycle of the AC
voltage and reverse biased during the negative half cycle.
 The final output voltage waveform is as shown in the figure below:
WORKING OF HALF WAVE
RECTIFIER
WHAT ARE SOME
APPLICATIONS OF RECTIFIERS?
Some common applications of rectifiers are:
 Rectifiers are used in electric welding to provide polarized voltage
 Half-wave rectifiers are used as a mosquito repellent
 Half-wave rectifiers are used as a signal peak detector in AM radio
 Rectifiers are used in modulation, demodulation and voltage multipliers
ZENER DIODE
 Normal diodes allow current to flow in only one direction. If a reverse
breakdown voltage is exceeded in the other direction, and current is
forced to flow, the diode can quickly become destroyed. Zener diodes
function differently in that they allow current to flow freely (with a
small voltage drop) in the forward biased direction in the same manner
as a non-Zener diode. In the other, reverse-biased direction, however,
current can flow freely only after exceeding a designed voltage
threshold, known as the Zener voltage. This happens without damage to
the component.
ZENER DIODE
 Zener diode is a silicon semiconductor device that permits current to
flow in either a forward or reverse direction. The diode consists of a
special, heavily doped p-n junction, designed to conduct in the reverse
direction when a certain specified voltage is reached.
 The Zener diode has a well-defined reverse-breakdown voltage, at
which it starts conducting current, and continues operating continuously
in the reverse-bias mode without getting damaged. Additionally, the
voltage drop across the diode remains constant over a wide range of
voltages, a feature that makes Zener diodes suitable for use in voltage
regulation.
ZENER DIODE EXPLANATION
 A Zener Diode, also known as a breakdown diode, is a heavily doped
semiconductor device that is designed to operate in the reverse
direction. When the voltage across the terminals of a Zener diode is
reversed and the potential reaches the Zener Voltage (knee voltage), the
junction breaks down and the current flows in the reverse direction. This
effect is known as the Zener Effect
ZENER DIODE CIRCUIT
SYMBOL
(LED) LIGHT EMITTING
DIODE
 Light-emitting diode (LED) is a widely used standard source of light in
electrical equipment. It has a wide range of applications ranging from
your mobile phone to large advertising billboards. They mostly find
applications in devices that show the time and display different types of
data
LED CIRCUIT SYSMBOL
WHAT DETERMINES THE
COLOUR OF AN LED?
 The colour of an LED is determined by the material used in the
semiconducting element. The two primary materials used in LEDs are
aluminium gallium indium phosphide alloys and indium gallium nitride
alloys. Aluminium alloys are used to obtain red, orange and yellow
light, and indium alloys are used to get green, blue and white light.
Slight changes in the composition of these alloys change the colour of
the emitted light.
ADVANTAGES OF LEDS OVER
INCANDESCENT POWER LAMPS
 Some advantages of LEDs over Incandescent Power Lamps are:
 LEDs consume less power, and they require low operational voltage.
 No warm-up time is needed for LEDs.
 The emitted light is monochromatic.
 They exhibit long life and ruggedness
HOW TO CHECK A DIODE?
 In this tutorial, we will learn how to test a diode. Diodes are one of the
basic and important components in electronic circuits that are used for
protection, rectification, switching, and many other applications. They
are one of the first components to be damaged in case of a fault and
hence, it is necessary to know how to check whether a diode is properly
working or not
HOW TO TEST A DIODE USING
ANALOG MULTIMETER?
 Keep the multimeter selector switch in low resistance value
 Connect the diode in the forward-biased condition by
connecting the positive terminal to anode and negative to the
cathode.
 If the meter indicates a low resistance value, then it says that
the diode is healthy.
 Now put the selector in high resistance position and reverse the
terminals of the meter by connecting positive to the cathode and
negative to anode. In this case, the diode is said to be in reverse
bias.
 If the meter indicates OL or a very high resistance, then it refers
to the perfect condition of the diode.
 If the meter fails to show above readings, then the diode is said
to be defective or bad.
HOW TO TEST LED (LIGHT
EMITTING DIODE)?
 As discussed above, before testing any diode we must know its pins
(terminals). The terminals of the LED can be identified by the length of
the leads. Longer one is anode and the shorter one is the cathode. Also,
another method is using the surface structure wherein a flat surface
indicates the cathode and other one is the anode
Identify the anode and cathode terminals of the
LED.
Place the multimeter selector / knob in diode mode.
Connect the probes of the meter to LED such that it
is forward-biased.
If the LED is working properly, then it glows
otherwise the LED is defective.
Reverse-biased testing cannot be possible with LED
since it doesn’t work in reverse-biased condition.
HOW TO TEST A ZENER
DIODE?
 When compared to the testing a normal
diode, testing a Zener diode needs some
extra circuitry. Because, the Zener diode
conducts in reverse-biased condition and
only if the applied reverse voltage is more
than the Zener breakdown voltage
 Identify the terminals anode and cathode of the Zener diode and
its identification process is similar to the normal PN diode
(using a mark).
 Connect the test circuit as shown in the above figure.
 Place the multimeter knob in voltage mode.
 Connect the meter probes across the Zener diode as shown in
figure.
 Gradually increase the input supply to the diode, and observe
the voltage on the meter display. This reading on the meter must
be such that as we increase the variable supply, meter output
should increase until the breakdown voltage of the diode. And
beyond this point meter should show a constant value of voltage
irrespective of any increase of the input variable supply. If it so,
then Zener diode is healthy, otherwise defective.
 STATUS OF A DIODE
 GOOD- FORWARD BIAS SHOWS NO
DEFLECTION AND REVERSE BIAS
DEFLECTS BUT NOT REST AT 0 OHMS
 OPENED- THE TESTER POINTER WON’T
DEFLECT EVEN THE PROBE IS REVERSE
 SHORTED- THE RESISTANCE READING
DEFLECTS AND MEASURES IN BOTH
DIRECTION