Scribd
Upload
38 views

Computer Organization and Architecture (ECE2002)

This document discusses the key topics in Module 1 of a course on Computer Organization and Architecture. It covers a brief history of computers, basic computer structures like computer architecture versus organization, functional units like registers and buses, number representation including fixed point and floating point, signed numbers and two's complement representation, and integer arithmetic concepts like multiplication using Booth's algorithm and division using restoring and non-restoring algorithms. It also discusses performance assessment metrics for computers like clock speed, cycles per instruction, and millions of instructions per second.

Uploaded by

K.bhogendranathareddy Kuppireddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views

Computer Organization and Architecture (ECE2002)

This document discusses the key topics in Module 1 of a course on Computer Organization and Architecture. It covers a brief history of computers, basic computer structures like computer architecture versus organization, functional units like registers and buses, number representation including fixed point and floating point, signed numbers and two's complement representation, and integer arithmetic concepts like multiplication using Booth's algorithm and division using restoring and non-restoring algorithms. It also discusses performance assessment metrics for computers like clock speed, cycles per instruction, and millions of instructions per second.

Uploaded by

K.bhogendranathareddy Kuppireddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Computer Organization and

Architecture (ECE2002)
TPC 4 0 4

Prof. (Dr.) Ashish Gupta


SENSE
VIT-AP University
[email protected]
+91-8591993024
CB-204 (D)
Module-1
•A Brief History of computers
•Basic structures of Computers : Computer Architecture vs. Organization
•Functional units & Operational concepts
• Registers
• Bus and Bus organization
• Memory location and addresses
•Number Representation
• Fixed Point
• Floating Point
•Signed numbers
• Two’s Complement Representation
•Integer Arithmetic
• Signed multiplication
• Booths Algorithm :Hardware Implementation
• Division
• Restoring and Non Restoring algorithms
Module-1
•A Brief History of computers
•Basic structures of Computers : Computer Architecture vs. Organization
•Functional units & Operational concepts
• Registers
• Bus and Bus organization
• Memory location and addresses
•Number Representation
• Fixed Point
• Floating Point
•Signed numbers
• Two’s Complement Representation
•Integer Arithmetic
• Signed multiplication
• Booths Algorithm :Hardware Implementation
• Division
• Restoring and Non Restoring algorithms
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
⮚Structure: The way in which the components are inter-related
⮚Function: The operation of each individual component as part of the structure
⮚In terms of description, we have two choices
⮚Starting at the bottom and building up to a complete description
⮚Beginning with a top view and decomposing the system into its subparts.

⮚The top-down approach is the clearest and most effective way to describe any
system
TOP-LEVEL STRUCTURE
⮚Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the
operation of the computer and performs its data
processing functions; often simply referred to as
processor.
⮚Main memory: Stores data.
⮚I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external
environment.
⮚System interconnection: Some mechanism that
provides for communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O.
⮚A common example of system interconnection is by
means of a system bus, consisting of a number of
conducting wires to which all the other components
attach.
PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
❖ Performance is one of the key parameters to consider, along with cost, size, security, reliability, and, in some cases
power consumption.
❖ Application performance depends not just on the raw speed of the processor, but on the instruction set, choice of
implementation language, efficiency of the compiler, and skill of the programming.
❖ Clock Speed
⮚ The System Clock: The most fundamental level, the speed of a processor is dictated by the pulse frequency
produced by the clock, measured in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).
⮚ Clock signals are generated by a quartz crystal
⮚ The rate of pulses is known as the clock rate, or clock speed
⮚ One increment, or pulse, of the clock is referred to as a clock cycle, or a clock tick.
⮚ The time between pulses is the cycle time.
⮚ For example, a 1-GHz processor receives 1 billion pulses per second.

22-08-2022
Performance Assessment
❖ Millions of instructions per second (MIPS) or MIPS rate
⮚ The System Clock: The most fundamental level, the speed of a processor is dictated by the pulse frequency
produced by the clock, measured in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).

CPI: Cycle per instruction


f: Clock frequency (number of cycle per second)
Example: Consider a program has 2 Millions (2x106 instructions) is running on a 400 MHz processor. The
program consists of three major types of instructions, ALU related, load/store, and branching. These
instruction requires 1, 2, and 4 CPI with a instruction mix of 60, 30, and 10% respectively in the program.
Estimate the MIPS of the processor.
Solution: CPI=0.6x1+0.3x2+0.1x4=1.6
MIPS=(400x106)/(1.6x106)=250 MIPS
⮚ Similarly there are other performance parameters.

22-08-2022

You might also like