APEX INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Database Management System (22CSH-243)

Faculty: Ms. Shaveta Jain(E13464)

Data Models DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

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DBMS: Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The Course aims to:
• Understand database system concepts and design databases for different applications
and to acquire the knowledge on DBMS and RDBMS.
• Implement and understand different types of DDL, DML and DCL statements.
• Understand transaction concepts related to databases and recovery/backup
techniques required for the proper storage of data.

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COURSE OUTCOMES

On completion of this course, the students shall be able to:-

CO2 Design database for an organization using relational model

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 Unit-1 Syllabus
Unit-1 Introduction to Databases and Relational Algebra
Overview of Database concepts, DBMS, Data Base System Architecture (Three
Databases: Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture), Advantages and Disadvantages of
DBMS, Data Independence, DBA and Responsibilities of DBA,
Relational Data Structure, Keys, Relations, Attributes, Schema and
Instances, Referential integrity, Entity integrity.

Data Models: Relational Model, Network Model, Hierarchical Model, ER Model:

Design, issues, Mapping constraints, ER diagram, Comparison of
Models
Relational Introduction, Syntax, Semantics, Additional operators, Grouping and
Algebra & Ungrouping, Relational comparisons, Tuple Calculus, Domain
Relational Calculus, Calculus Vs Algebra, Computational capabilities
Calculus:
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DATA MODELS

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What is Data Model
• A data model is an abstract model that organizes elements of data
• It standardizes how they relate to one another and to the properties
of real-world entities.
• Data models define how the logical structure of a database is
modeled.
• Data Models are fundamental entities to introduce abstraction in a
DBMS.
• Data models define how data is connected to each other and how
they are processed and stored inside the system.

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Need
To aid in the development of a sound database design that does not
allow anomalies or inconsistencies

Goal: to create database tables that do not contain duplicate data values
that can become inconsistent

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Hierarchical Model

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Equivalent model

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Cont...
• Advantages
• Many of the hierarchical data model’s features formed the foundation for current data
models
• Its database application advantages are replicated, implemented in a different form, in
current database environments
• Generated a large installed (mainframe) base, created a pool of programmers who
developed numerous tried-and-true business applications
• Disadvantages
• Complex to implement
• Difficult to manage
• Lacks structural independence
• Implementation limitations
• Lack of standards

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Network Model

slideplayer.com

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Equivalent

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Cont...
• Advantages
• Represent complex data relationships more effectively
• Improve database performance
• Impose a database standard
• Disadvantages
• Too cumbersome
• The lack of ad hoc query capability put heavy pressure on programmers
• Any structural change in the database could produce havoc in all application
programs that drew data from the database
• Many database old-timers can recall the interminable information delays

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Relational Model

Slideplayer.com
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Equivalent model

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Relational Database
A database whose logical organization is based on relational data model
is a Relational Database

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Relational Model
The main highlights of this model are −
• Data is stored in tables called relations.
• Relations can be normalized.
• In normalized relations, values saved are atomic values.
• Each row in a relation contains a unique value.
• Each column in a relation contains values from a same domain.

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Entity- Relationship Model
• Entity-Relationship (ER) Model is based on the notion of real-world
entities and relationships among them. While formulating real-world
scenario into the database model, the ER Model creates entity set,
relationship set, general attributes and constraints.
• ER Model is best used for the conceptual design of a database.

tutorialspoint.com
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Schema vs Instances
• Database Schema: The description of a database. Includes
descriptions of the database structure and the constraints that should
hold on the database.
• Schema Diagram: A diagrammatic display of (some aspects of) a
database schema.
• Database Instance: The actual data stored in a database at a
particular moment in time. Also called database state (or
occurrence).

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DBMS Schema vs DBMS State
• Database State: Refers to the content of a database at a moment in time.
• Initial Database State: Refers to the database when it is loaded
• Valid State: A state that satisfies the structure and constraints of the database.

• Distinction
• The database schema changes very infrequently. The database state changes
every time the database is updated.
• Schema is also called intension, whereas state is called extension.

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Summary
• A Data Model is a precise description of the data content in a system.
• Data Models are required to aid in the development of a sound
database design that does not allow anomalies or inconsistencies
where the basic goal is to create database tables that do not contain
duplicate data values that can become inconsistent.

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FAQs
• What are Data Models?
• What is Schema
• What are instances.
• What is the difference between DBMS Schema and DBMS State.
• Why there is need for Data models?
• How many types of Data Models we Have?
• What is hierarichal Data Model?
References

• RamezElmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, “Fundamentals of

Database System”, The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co.
• Korth and Silberschatz Abraham, “Database System Concepts”,
McGraw Hall.
• C.J.Date, “An Introduction to Database Systems”, Addison Wesley.
• Thomas M. Connolly, Carolyn & E. Begg, “Database Systems: A
Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and Management”,
5/E, University of Paisley, Addison-Wesley.

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]

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