Bioethical Issue

- Gerlian Kyle F. Querido

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Cloning
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 what is cloning?
Cloning refers to the process of creating a new population of genetically-
similar and identical naturally occurring organisms. The usual targets for
cloning include bacteria, plants, and animals.It can refer to making an
identical copy of a cell’s DNA, the propagation of a progenitor cell, or the
artificial production of a genetically identical individual animal.
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 THE DISCOVERY

• Scientists first began studying the process of artificial cloning at the turn of the last century, when a German
scientist, Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch, began researching reproduction in salamanders. In 1902, he created a
set of twin salamanders by dividing an embryo into two separate, viable embryos.

• The most significant breakthrough came in 1996, when researchers at the Roslin Research Institute in
Scotland reported the first successful clone of a live lamb, the eponymous Dolly.
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― Irene M. Pepperberg
 who is dolly?
● Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned from somatic cells of an adult animal.

● Born in july 5,1996 and died on February 14 2003 because of tumour growing in dolly’s chest
(lung infection). Dolly had her first born lamb called bonnie

● Dolly was part of a series of experiment at the Roslin Institute that were trying to develop a
better method for producing genetically modified livestock. these experiment were carried out
at the roslin institute by team led by Professor Sir Ian Wilmut. the people here incude
scientist, embryologists, surgeons, vet and farm staff.
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● Dolly was cloned from a cell taken from the mammary gland of a six year old finn dorset
sheep
 Different types of cloning

1. DNA cloning/ Gene cloning

2. Reproductive cloning (Dolly)
3. Therapeutic Cloning
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 DNA cloning/ Gene cloning
● Practiced since 1970

● A term used to describe a collection of DNA fragments derived from the

genome of an organism and cloned randomly into suitable cloning
vectors (plasmids, phages).

● The term genomic DNA clone or chromosomal DNA clone then refers to
an individual cell carrying a cloning vector with one of the cellular DNA
fragments or to a phage isolate with a specific DNA insert.
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SLIDESMANIA.CO
 Reproductive cloning
• Reproductive cloning is the production of a genetic duplicate of an existing organism.
A human clone would be a genetic copy of an existing person.

• Some oppose reproductive cloning because of safety considerations. Animal cloning is

seldom successful, and many scientists believe that reproductive cloning can never be
made safe. Human reproductive cloning would also threaten the psychological well-
being of cloned children, open the door to more powerful genetic manipulation
technologies, and raise other social and ethical concerns
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 PRODUCTIVE CLONING

BENEFITS RISK

• Maintain good DNA in animal • Highly inefficient: - Die

reproduction. mysteriously -
• Cloning genetically modified • High costs
animals: - Xenotransplantation • Morally wrong to experiment with
(avoid tissue rejection) - Insulin animals.
producers • Could lead to the cloning of
humans
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 Therapeutic cloning

• involves creating a cloned embryo for the sole purpose of producing embryonic
system cells with same DNA as a donor cell

• researchers hope to use these cells to grow healthy tissue ti replace injured or diseased
tissue in the human body
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 THERAPEUTIC CLONING

BENEFITS RISK

• Produce whole organs from cloned

stem cells. • Killing embryos in the process Which
• Produce healthy cells for creates embryonic Stem Cells.
transplantation.
• Reduce need for organ donors
• Test drugs, understand diseases
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 Advantages vs Disadvantages

• There will be an endless supply of • Many believe cloning is quite

animals to clone, and we will never inhumane, especially that of religious
run out of food from animals, because and some governmental parties which
we have been able to clone based on don’t want to move forward with this
previous efforts, the most famous of research. They think life is just too
these was the first ever cloning of an precious to take away, even if it is a
animal, Dolly the lamb which was a clone in which we are testing
successful cloning where Dolly was a
healthy lamb.
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 What are the risks of cloning?

• Expensive and highly inefficient.

• More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce a viable offspring. • In addition to low success
rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection,
tumour growth, and other disorders.

• Many cloned animals have not lived long enough to generate good data about how clones age.

• Appearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator of long term survival.

• Clones have been known to die mysteriously. For example, Australia's first cloned sheep appeared
healthy and energetic on the day she died, and the results of her autopsy failed to determine a cause of
death..
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 Why cloning is a bioethical issue?

• A cloned embryo intended for implantation into a womb requires thorough molecular testing to fully
determine whether an embryo is healthy and whether the cloning process is complete. In addition, as
demonstrated by 100 failed attempts to generate a cloned macaque in 2007, a viable pregnancy is not
guaranteed. Because the risks associated with reproductive cloning in humans introduce a very high
likelihood of loss of life, the process is considered unethical. There are other philosophical issues that
also have been raised concerning the nature of reproduction and human identity that reproductive
cloning might violate. Concerns about eugenics, the once popular notion that the human species could
be improved through the selection of individuals possessing desired traits, also have surfaced, since
cloning could be used to breed “better” humans, thus violating principles of human dignity, freedom,
and equality.
• There also exists controversy over the ethics of therapeutic and research cloning. Some individuals and
groups have an objection to therapeutic cloning, because it is considered the manufacture and
destruction of a human life, even though that life has not developed past the embryonic stage
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 Why cloning is a bioethical issue?

• According to National Bioethics Advisory Commission

• It is morally unacceptable for anyone in public or private sector to clone humans.
• Any attempt to clone humans is irresponsible and unethical. •It is ok to clone DNA sequences, cell
lines, and animals because it does not raise the issues human cloning does.
• There should be regulations on the humane useof animals.
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 END OF THE
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