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Lec 2 Basic Of-Language

The document provides an overview of computer organization and programming languages. It discusses the six logical units of a computer including input, output, memory, arithmetic logic, central processing, and secondary storage units. It describes how programs are executed by being copied from secondary storage to main memory, then the CPU fetching and executing each instruction. The document outlines three types of programming languages: machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It provides examples of code in machine language and assembly language. It also gives a brief history of the C programming language.

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MD. Shamsuddoha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Lec 2 Basic Of-Language

The document provides an overview of computer organization and programming languages. It discusses the six logical units of a computer including input, output, memory, arithmetic logic, central processing, and secondary storage units. It describes how programs are executed by being copied from secondary storage to main memory, then the CPU fetching and executing each instruction. The document outlines three types of programming languages: machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It provides examples of code in machine language and assembly language. It also gives a brief history of the C programming language.

Uploaded by

MD. Shamsuddoha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE-1101 Structured Programming

Rafid Mostafiz
IIT, NSTU
What is Computer?
2

 Computer
 Device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions
 Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called
computer programs
 Hardware
 Various devices comprising a computer
 Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, and processing units
 Software
 Programs that run on a computer
Computer Organization
3

 Six logical units of computer


1. Input unit
 “Receiving” section
 Obtains information from input devices
 Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, networks, …
2. Output unit
 “Shipping” section
 Takes information processed by computer
 Places information on output devices
 Screen, printer, networks, …
 Information used to control other devices
Computer Organization
4

 Six logical units of computer


3. Memory unit
 Rapid access, relatively low capacity “warehouse”
section
 Retains information from input unit
 Immediately available for processing
 Retains processed information
 Until placed on output devices
 Memory, primary memory
4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
 “Manufacturing” section
 Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
Computer Organization
5
 Six logical units of computer
5. Central processing unit (CPU)
 “Administrative” section
 Supervises and coordinates other sections of computer
6. Secondary storage unit
 Long-term, high-capacity “warehouse” section
 Storage
 Inactive programs or data
 Secondary storage devices
 Disks
 Longer to access than primary memory
 Less expensive per unit than primary memory
The von Neumann architecture
6

CPU
Input Device Output Device
ALU CU

Main memory Secondary


(RAM) storage
How it works
7

 How does a computer execute a program ? (example


programs: a computer game, a word processor, etc)
 the instructions that comprise the program are copied from the
permanent secondary memory into the main memory
 After the instructions are loaded, the CPU starts executing the
program.
 For each instruction, the instruction is retrieved from memory,
decoded to figure out what it represents, and the appropriate action
carried out. (the fetch execute cycle)
 Then the next instruction is fetched, decoded and executed.
Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
8

 Three types of computer languages


1. Machine language
 Only language computer directly understands
 “Natural language” of computer
 Defined by hardware design
 Machine-dependent
 Generally consist of strings of numbers
 Ultimately 0s and 1s
 Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
 One at a time
 Cumbersome for humans
 Example:
01100101 00001000 Machine Language
ADD 8 Assembly Language
Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
9

 Three types of computer languages


2. Assembly language
 English-like abbreviations representing elementary
computer operations
 Clearer to humans
 Incomprehensible to computers
 Translator programs (assemblers)
 Convert to machine language
 Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
10

 Three types of computer languages


3. High-level languages
 Similar to everyday English, use common mathematical
notations
 Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
 Assembly language requires many instructions to
accomplish simple tasks
 Translator programs (compilers)
 Convert to machine language
 Interpreter programs
 Directly execute high-level language programs
JAVA , Pascal, FORTRAN
C History
11

 Developed between 1969 and 1973 along with


Unix
 Due mostly to Dennis Ritchie
 Designed for systems programming
 Operating systems
 Utility programs
 Compilers
 Filters
 Evolved from B, which evolved from BCPL
C Programming Environment

Preprocess/
Compile/
Link
Load/
Edit Run

Editor test.c test.exe CPU

.
First C Program
13

/* My first simple C program */

Comments

void main ()
All C programs have a main function;
{ they also start at main

printf (“Welcome to C!\n”);


Function to print to screen
}
Braces indicate start What to print End of
and end of main statement
End of line
14

Edit
Program

Source
Code

Compile

Object
Code

Library Link Object


Files Code Executable
15

Any Question?

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