Unit 2 : Networking

Lesson [6]
Network Protocols – Part 2

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Module Learning Outcomes

 LO1. Examine networking principles and their protocols.

 LO2. Explain networking devices and operations.

 LO3. Design efficient networked systems.

 LO4. Implement and diagnose networked systems.

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Layer Protocols
Layer Protocols
Process/ Application FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP,

Transport/ Host-to-Host TCP/UDP

Internet IP, ARP, RARP
Network Access Ethernet, Fast Ethernet

A number of applications have been standardized to

operate on top of TCP/IP Model.

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Internet Protocol (IP)

 Stands for Internet Protocol and it is responsible for logical

addressing, path determination and delivering packets from the
source host to the destination host by looking at the IP
addresses in the packet headers.
 The identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP model to
identify each device connected to the Internet is called the
Internet address or IP address
 IP has 2 versions: IPv4 and IPv6

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IPv4 Introduction
 An IP address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally
defines the connection of a host or a router to the Internet. IP
addresses are unique
 The 32-bit IP address is broken up into 4 octets, which are
arranged into a dotted-decimal notation scheme
 An octet is a set of 8 bits
 The address space of IPv4 is
232 or 4,294,967,296.

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IP Address Classes

• IP addresses are divided into 5 classes, each of which is

designated with the alphabetic letters A to E.
• Classes A, B, and C provide unicast addresses.
• Class D addresses are used for multicasting.
• Class E addresses are reserved for testing & some mysterious
future use.

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IP Address Classes
Finding the class in binary notation

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IP Address Classes
Finding the class in decimal notation

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Are you the Host or the Network
 The 32 bits of the IP address are divided into Network & Host portions,
with the octets assigned as a part of one or the other.
 Each Network is assigned a network address & every device or interface
(such as a router port) on the network is assigned a host address.

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Class A Addresses
 Class A IP addresses use the 1st 8 bits (1st Octet) to designate the Network ID.
 The 1st bit which is always a 0, is used to indicate the address as a Class A
address & the remaining 7 bits are used to designate the Network.
 The other 3 octets contain the Host ID
 A has a total of:

27-2= 126 networks(0.0.0.0 and 127.x.y.z are special address)

224 – 2 = 16,777,214 hosts

(2n) = Number of networks

(2n –2) = Number of available hosts
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Class B Addresses

 Class B addresses use the 1st 16 bits (two octets) for the Network ID.
 The last 2 octets are used for the Host ID.
 The 1st 2 bits, which are always 10, designate the address as a Class B
address & 14 bits are used to designate the Network. This leaves 16 bits
(two octets) to designate the Hosts.
 Class B has a total of:
214 = 16384 network address
216 – 2 = 65534 host address

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Class C Addresses
 Class C addresses use the 1st 24 bits (three octets) for the Network ID &
only the last octet for Host ID.
 The 1st 3 bits of all class C addresses are set to 110, leaving 21 bits for the
Network ID. This leaves 8 bits to designate the Hosts.
 Class C has a total of:
221 = 2097152 network address
28 – 2 = 254 host address

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Public and Private IP

 A public IP address is an IP address that your home or

business router receives from your ISP.
 A private IP address is an IP address that's reserved for
internal use
Class Private IP Range
Class A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

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Subnet Mask

 A subnet mask is a number that defines a range of IP addresses that can be

used in a network.
 A subnet mask hides, or "masks," the network part of a system's IP address
and leaves only the host part as the machine identifier.
 The subnet masking process was developed to identify & extract the Network
part of the address.
 A subnet mask, which contains a binary bit pattern of ones & zeros, is applied
to an address to determine whether the address is on the local Network. This is
known as the ANDing process
 If it is not, the process of routing it to an outside network begins.
 255.255.255.0

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Masking concept
A B A AND B
 In order to get the network address we 0 0 0
AND the destination address with the
0 1 0
subnet mask
 The only way you can get a result of a 1 1 0 0
is to combine 1 & 1. Everything else will 1 1 1
AND Operation
end up as a 0

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Default Subnet Mask

 The default subnet masks are three subnet masks that

correspond to the standard Class A, B, and C address
assignments

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Trial Separation

 If a destination IP address is 206.175.162.21, we know

that it is a Class C address & that its binary equivalent
is: 11001110.10101111.10100010.00010101
 We also know that the default standard Class C subnet
mask is: 255.255.255.0 and that its binary equivalent is:
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

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Trial Separation

 When these two binary numbers (the IP address & the subnet mask) are
combined using Boolean Algebra, the Network ID of the destination
network is the result:

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Trial Separation

 The result is the IP address of the network.

11001110.10101111.10100010.00000000
206.175.162.0

 If this address is the same as the local network, the

message is for a node on the local network.

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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

 An internet layer protocol that is used to convert an IP address into

a physical address(MAC address).
 A host wishing to obtain a physical address broadcasts an ARP
request onto the network.
 The host on the network that has the IP address in the request
replies with its physical address.
 There is also Reverse ARP (RARP) which can be used by a host to
discover its IP address. In this case, the host broadcasts its physical
address and a RARP server replies with the host’s IP address.

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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

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Summary

 Internet Layer Protocols

 IP
 IP address
 IP address classes
 Subnet Mask
 Trial separation
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

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Thank You

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