BIOLOGY (BSC 01)

UNIT-1

PROF. (DR.) SUNIL VERMA

ECHELON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
JCBUST, FARIDABAD
Syllabus: Unit 1

Introduction:
Bring out the fundamental differences between science and
engineering by drawing a comparison between eye and camera,
Bird flying and aircraft. Mention the most exciting aspect of
biology as an independent scientific discipline. Why we need to
study biology? Discuss how biological observations of 18th
Century that lead to major discoveries. Examples from
Brownian motion and the origin of thermodynamics by
referring to the original observation of Robert Brown and
Julius Mayor. These examples will highlight the fundamental
importance of observations in any scientific inquiry.
Fundamental differences between
Science and Engineering
Science and engineering are closely related fields, but they have
some fundamental differences in their objectives, methodologies,
and outcomes.
Objectives:
Science:
The primary objective of science is to understand the natural world and uncover
knowledge about how things work. Scientists seek to explain phenomena,
discover new principles, and expand the existing body of knowledge.
Engineering:
The primary objective of engineering is to apply scientific knowledge and
principles to design and create practical solutions for real-world problems.
Engineers focus on building and improving systems, structures, processes, and
technologies to meet specific needs.
Fundamental differences between
Science and Engineering
Approach:
Science:
Scientists typically follow the scientific method, which involves making
observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments or
gathering data, analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions. The
emphasis is on experimentation, data collection, and validation of
hypotheses.
Engineering:
Engineers use scientific principles and knowledge as a foundation, but they
employ a problem-solving approach. They apply their expertise to design,
develop, and implement solutions. Engineers consider factors such as
feasibility, functionality, cost, safety, and efficiency in their designs.
Fundamental differences between
Science and Engineering

Knowledge Generation:
Science:
Scientists generate new knowledge through research and
experimentation. They aim to expand the understanding of the
natural world, uncovering new theories, principles, and laws.
Engineering:
Engineers apply existing scientific knowledge to create practical
solutions. They use established principles and methodologies to
design and build technologies, systems, and structures that solve
specific problems.
Fundamental differences between
Science and Engineering

Uncertainty and Risk:

Science:
Scientific research often deals with uncertainties, and scientists
embrace uncertainty as an opportunity to explore and learn.
They seek to reduce uncertainty through rigorous
experimentation and hypothesis testing.
Engineering:
Engineers work with uncertainties and risks as well, but their
focus is on mitigating them to ensure safe and reliable designs.
They employ analysis, simulations, and testing to reduce
uncertainties and make informed decisions.
Fundamental differences between
Science and Engineering

Outcome:
Science: The primary outcome of scientific research is
knowledge advancement and understanding. Scientific findings
are published in journals, shared with the scientific community,
and contribute to the collective knowledge of humanity.
Engineering: The primary outcome of engineering is the
creation of practical solutions. Engineers develop products,
systems, and structures that address specific needs and provide
tangible benefits to society. The results of engineering are often
manifested in the form of buildings, bridges, software, devices,
and other technological advancements.
Fundamental differences between
Science and Engineering
Examples:
Scientific Findings: Scientists discover a new material with high
strength and heat resistance properties.
Engineers' Use: Engineers leverage this scientific finding to design and
develop advanced aerospace components, such as turbine blades for jet
engines, that can withstand extreme temperatures and stress.
Scientific Findings: Researchers uncover a new drug compound that
effectively targets cancer cells.
Engineers' Use: Engineers utilize this scientific breakthrough to design
medical devices, such as targeted drug delivery systems or diagnostic tools,
that enhance the precision and effectiveness of cancer treatments.
Fundamental differences between
Science and Engineering

Scientific Findings: Climate scientists identify the correlation

between carbon emissions and global temperature rise.
Engineers' Use: Engineers utilize this scientific understanding to
design and implement renewable energy systems, such as solar
farms or wind turbines, that reduce carbon emissions and mitigate
the impacts of climate change.
Scientific Findings: Biologists discover a unique enzyme that
degrades plastic waste.
Engineers' Use: Engineers apply this scientific knowledge to
develop innovative recycling processes or biodegradable materials
that help tackle the global plastic pollution problem.
Fundamental differences between
Science and Engineering
Scientific Findings: Neuroscientists uncover the neural pathways
associated with specific human behaviors.
Engineers' Use: Engineers leverage this scientific understanding to
design and improve brain-computer interface technologies, enabling
individuals with paralysis to control robotic limbs or communicate
through thought.
In each of these examples, the scientific findings serve as a foundation for
engineers to apply that knowledge in practical ways. Engineers take the
scientific discoveries and use them to design solutions, create new
technologies, and address real-world challenges. The collaboration
between scientists and engineers is crucial in translating scientific
knowledge into practical applications that benefit society.
Fundamental differences between
Science and Engineering

While science and engineering have distinct

characteristics, they also share a symbiotic
relationship. Scientific discoveries often inspire new
engineering designs and applications, and
engineering projects can generate new scientific
questions and insights. Both fields contribute to
human progress and play crucial roles in advancing
society.
Comparison between Eye and Camera
Comparison between Eye and Camera

Structure and Function:

Eye: The eye is a complex organ that captures and focuses light onto the
retina, which contains light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors. These
photoreceptors convert light into electrical signals that are transmitted to
the brain via the optic nerve. The eye has components such as the cornea,
iris, lens, and retina that work together to form images and provide visual
information.
Camera: A camera consists of a lens that focuses light onto an image
sensor. The image sensor, typically a digital sensor in modern cameras,
captures the light and converts it into an electronic signal. The camera's
electronics process the signal, which can be stored as a digital image or
displayed in real-time on a screen.
Comparison between Eye and Camera

Image Formation:
Eye: The eye forms images through a process called refraction. The
cornea and lens refract light to focus it onto the retina, which contains
specialized cells called rods and cones. Rods are responsible for low-light
vision, while cones enable color vision and high acuity. The retina
captures the light pattern and sends electrical signals to the brain, which
interprets them as visual information.
Camera: A camera lens refracts light to focus it onto the image sensor.
The image sensor, made up of millions of pixels, measures the intensity of
light hitting each pixel. These measurements are then converted into
digital values that represent the colors and brightness levels of the
captured scene.
Comparison between Eye and Camera

Adaptability:
Eye: The human eye is highly adaptable and can adjust its
focus to see objects at different distances through a process
called accommodation. The iris also controls the amount of
light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.
Camera: Cameras can have adjustable focus settings to
capture objects at different distances, but the process is manual
or controlled electronically. Cameras also have mechanisms to
control exposure settings, such as aperture, shutter speed, and
ISO sensitivity, to adapt to different lighting conditions.
Comparison between Eye and Camera

Image Processing:
Eye: The human brain processes the electrical signals received
from the retina to form a coherent visual perception. The brain
combines the inputs from both eyes to create a three-dimensional
perception of the world, allowing depth perception and the ability
to perceive motion.
Camera: Cameras can apply various image processing techniques
to enhance or alter the captured images. This can include adjusting
contrast, saturation, sharpness, and applying filters. Additionally,
cameras can capture and record video, enabling the reproduction
of motion.
Comparison between Eye and Camera
Limitations:
Eye: The human eye has certain limitations. It is susceptible to visual
imperfections like nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism
(blurry or distorted vision). The eye's sensitivity to light can vary, leading
to difficulties in low-light or high-glare conditions. Additionally, the eye
has a limited dynamic range, making it challenging to perceive details in
both very bright and very dark areas simultaneously.

Camera: Cameras also have limitations. They have a fixed resolution

determined by the number of pixels on the image sensor, which affects
the level of detail captured. Cameras may struggle in low-light conditions
unless equipped with sensors and lenses optimized for low-light
photography. Additionally, cameras may not replicate the dynamic range
of the human eye, leading to loss of detail in high-contrast scenes.
Conclusion:
While the human eye and a camera share
similarities in capturing and forming images, the
eye has evolved over millions of years to provide
humans with a remarkable visual experience.
Cameras, on the other hand, have been
developed by engineers to mimic some of the
eye's functionalities and provide a means for
capturing and recording visual information.
“Bird of Prey,” by Airbus
Important Link

https://youtu.be/Wi6MLZFcv4w?si=jAJk8_xED0dTXhNF
Comparison between
Bird flying and aircraft
Aerodynamics: Both birds and aircraft rely on the
principles of aerodynamics to generate lift and maintain flight.
Birds generate lift by creating a pressure difference between
the upper and lower surfaces of their wings, while aircraft
wings are shaped to create lift by manipulating airflow.
Wing Design: Birds have flexible wings with varying shapes
depending on the species and flight style. They can change the
shape of their wings during flight to optimize lift and
maneuverability. Aircraft wings are typically rigid and have a
fixed shape that is carefully designed for optimal lift and
stability.
Comparison between
Bird flying and aircraft

Power Source: Birds generate thrust and propulsion by

flapping their wings, utilizing their muscle power. On the other
hand, aircraft use engines, such as jet engines or propellers,
which generate thrust to propel the aircraft forward.
Energy Efficiency: Birds are highly energy-efficient fliers.
They have evolved to minimize energy consumption during
flight, employing techniques like gliding and using updrafts.
Aircraft, while efficient in terms of fuel consumption compared
to their weight, are less energy-efficient than birds due to
mechanical and propulsion constraints.
Comparison between
Bird flying and aircraft
Flight Control: Birds have sophisticated flight control systems that
allow them to adjust their wing positions, tail movements, and body
posture to maintain stability and control during flight. Aircraft have
advanced control systems that utilize a combination of control surfaces,
such as ailerons, elevators, and rudders, to maneuver and maintain
stability in flight.
Altitude and Speed: Birds typically fly at lower altitudes, with some
exceptions such as migratory birds that can reach high altitudes. The
speed of bird flight varies greatly depending on the species, ranging
from a few miles per hour to over a hundred miles per hour. Aircraft,
on the other hand, are designed to fly at higher altitudes and achieve
greater speeds. Commercial airliners typically cruise at altitudes above
30,000 feet and can reach speeds of several hundred miles per hour.
Comparison between
Bird flying and aircraft

Environmental Impact: Birds have a minimal

environmental impact during flight. They produce no
emissions and have a negligible noise footprint. Aircraft,
however, have a larger environmental impact due to their fuel
consumption and emissions, as well as noise pollution near
airports.
It is important to note that while aircraft have been developed
based on scientific principles and engineering design, bird
flight has evolved naturally over millions of years, showcasing
remarkable adaptations and efficiency in flight.
Exciting aspects of Biology as an
Independent Scientific Discipline
 One of the most exciting aspects of biology as an independent
scientific discipline is its vast scope and the potential for new
discoveries. Biology encompasses the study of life in all its
forms, from the microscopic world of cells and molecules to
the complexity of ecosystems and the diversity of organisms.
 The interconnectedness of living systems and the intricate
processes that govern life present endless opportunities for
exploration and understanding. From unraveling the
mysteries of DNA and genetics to studying the behavior and
communication of social organisms, biology offers a never-
ending source of fascination.
Exciting aspects of Biology as an
Independent Scientific Discipline
 Furthermore, biology is a dynamic field that continually evolves with
advancements in technology and interdisciplinary approaches. The
development of techniques like genomics, bioinformatics, and imaging
technologies has revolutionized biological research, allowing scientists
to delve deeper into the intricacies of life and uncover new insights.
 Biology also plays a crucial role in addressing global challenges and
improving human health. It contributes to understanding diseases,
developing therapies, and finding solutions to environmental issues. The
potential for groundbreaking discoveries and innovations in fields like
biotechnology, synthetic biology, and regenerative medicine makes
biology an exciting frontier for scientific advancements that can have a
profound impact on society.
Exciting aspects of Biology as an
Independent Scientific Discipline

Overall, the most exciting aspect of biology is

the endless potential for discovery, the
interdisciplinary nature of the field, and its
ability to address fundamental questions about
life and make significant contributions to
human well-being.
Why we need Biology?
 Understanding Life: Biology helps us understand the nature of
life itself. It explores the fundamental principles that govern living
organisms, from the molecular and cellular level to the complex
interactions within ecosystems. By studying biology, we gain
insights into the characteristics, behaviors, and processes that define
life and the intricate web of relationships that sustain it.
 Advancing Human Health: Biology plays a crucial role in
understanding human health and disease. It enables us to study the
structure and function of the human body, investigate the causes of
diseases, develop new treatments and therapies, and improve
overall healthcare. Biological research has led to significant
advancements in medicine, including the development of vaccines,
antibiotics, and life-saving surgical procedures.
Why we need Biology?
 Conservation and Environmental Stewardship: Biology provides the
knowledge and tools necessary for conservation efforts and sustainable
management of natural resources. By studying ecosystems, biodiversity, and
the impact of human activities on the environment, biologists help us
understand the importance of preserving and protecting ecosystems and
species. This knowledge is critical for maintaining a healthy planet and
ensuring the well-being of future generations.
 Agriculture and Food Security: Biology plays a vital role in agricultural
practices and food production. By studying plant biology, genetics, and crop
science, researchers can develop improved crop varieties, enhance crop
yields, and develop sustainable farming methods. Understanding the biology
of pests and diseases also helps in developing effective pest control strategies
and disease management techniques to ensure food security.
Why we need Biology?
 Evolutionary Insights: Biology provides insights into the processes of
evolution and the history of life on Earth. By studying evolutionary biology,
scientists can trace the origins of species, understand the mechanisms of
adaptation and speciation, and gain insights into the development of
biodiversity over millions of years. This knowledge helps us understand our
place in the natural world and the connections between all living organisms.
 Biotechnology and Innovation: Biology has become a foundation for
various fields of applied sciences, such as biotechnology and bioengineering.
Biotechnological advancements have led to the development of life-saving
drugs, genetically modified crops, and renewable energy sources.
Understanding the principles of biology allows us to harness living organisms
and their processes for innovation and technological advancements.
Why we need Biology?
 In summary, biology is essential because it helps us
understand life, advances human health, guides
conservation efforts, ensures food security, provides
insights into evolution, and drives innovation in
various fields. It is a fundamental discipline that
contributes to our understanding of the natural world
and addresses critical challenges facing humanity.
Biological observations of 18th Century
leading to major discoveries

 In the 18th century, several biological observations made by scientists led to major
discoveries and advancements in various fields of science. Two notable examples are
Brownian motion and the origin of thermodynamics, which were based on the original
observations of Robert Brown and Julius von Mayer, respectively.
 Brownian Motion (Robert Brown, 1827): Robert Brown, a Scottish botanist, observed an
intriguing phenomenon while studying plant pollen suspended in water under a microscope.
He noticed that the pollen grains exhibited erratic, random movements, which became
known as Brownian motion. Brown initially thought these movements were due to some
intrinsic property of the pollen, but later experiments showed that the motion was a result of
collisions with molecules in the surrounding fluid.
 Significance: Brownian motion had significant implications for the understanding of
molecular behavior and the nature of matter. It provided empirical evidence for the existence
of atoms and molecules, which were at the center of scientific debate at the time. The
observations made by Brown laid the foundation for the development of kinetic theory and
statistical mechanics, contributing to our understanding of the microscopic world and the
behavior of particles.
Biological observations of 18th Century
leading to major discoveries
Origin of Thermodynamics (Julius von Mayer, 1842): Julius von Mayer, a German physician and physicist,

made important observations regarding the conservation of energy while studying the mechanical work done

by the heart. He noticed that despite variations in blood pressure and flow rates, the total amount of heat

produced in the body remained relatively constant.

Significance: Mayer's observations led to the formulation of the principle of the conservation of energy, which

is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics. His work laid the groundwork for the first law of

thermodynamics, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be converted from one

form to another. Mayer's insights into the origin of thermodynamics contributed to the development of this

branch of physics, which has widespread applications in various scientific and engineering disciplines.
Biological observations of 18th Century
leading to major discoveries

 Both Brownian motion and the origin of thermodynamics are

examples of how careful biological observations led to major scientific
discoveries. These discoveries not only had a profound impact on the
fields in which they originated but also had far-reaching implications
across multiple scientific disciplines. They highlight the significance
of keen observation, curiosity, and the integration of different
branches of science in driving scientific progress.
 Previous Year University Questions
Q-1 Define Brownian Motion. (December-2021) 1 Mark
Q-2 What is Brownian Motion (December-2022) 1.5 Marks

The erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid, as a result of continuous repulsion
from the molecules of the surrounding medium.
Q. 3 What basic principle of flying is used by birds ? (December-2022) 1.5 Marks

Birds fly by using air pressure's pushing force to create wing lift. This is achieved by the physi- cal law

known as the Bernoulli Principle. Daniel Bernoulli, an 18th century mathematician, discovered that as

air speed increases, air pressure lowers. Bird wings are specially designed air foils.
 Q-4 Give Difference between (December-2022) 10 Marks
(a)Flying a bird and Aeroplane

Flying a Bird 1. Aeroplane

• Birds generate lift by creating a pressure difference • Aircraft wings are shaped to create lift by
between the upper and lower surfaces of their wings. manipulating airflow.

• Birds have flexible wings with varying shapes • Aircraft wings are typically rigid and have a fixed
depending on the species and flight style. They can shape that is carefully designed for optimal lift and
change the shape of their wings during flight to stability.
optimize lift and maneuverability.

• Birds generate thrust and propulsion by flapping their • Aircraft use engines, such as jet engines or propellers,
wings, utilizing their muscle power. which generate thrust to propel the aircraft forward.

• Birds are highly energy-efficient fliers. They have • Aircraft, while efficient in terms of fuel consumption
evolved to minimize energy consumption during compared to their weight, are less energy-efficient
flight, employing techniques like gliding and using than birds due to mechanical and propulsion
updrafts. constraints.
 Q-4 Give Difference between (December-2022) 10 Marks
(a)Flying a bird and Aeroplane

Flying a Bird 1. Aeroplane

• Birds have sophisticated flight control systems that • Aircraft have advanced control systems that utilize a
allow them to adjust their wing positions, tail combination of control surfaces, such as ailerons,
movements, and body posture to maintain stability elevators, and rudders, to maneuver and maintain
and control during flight. stability in flight.

• Birds typically fly at lower altitudes, with some • Aircraft, on the other hand, are designed to fly at
exceptions such as migratory birds that can reach high higher altitudes and achieve greater speeds.
altitudes. The speed of bird flight varies greatly Commercial airliners typically cruise at altitudes
depending on the species, ranging from a few miles above 30,000 feet and can reach speeds of several
per hour to over a hundred miles per hour. hundred miles per hour.
• Birds have a minimal environmental impact during • Aircraft, however, have a larger environmental impact
flight. They produce no emissions and have a due to their fuel consumption and emissions, as well
negligible noise footprint. as noise pollution near airports.
 (b) Camera and Eye
Camera Eye

Structure and Function: Structure and Function:

Eye: The eye is a complex organ that captures and Camera: A camera consists of a lens that focuses light
focuses light onto the retina, which contains light- onto an image sensor. The image sensor, typically a
sensitive cells called photoreceptors. These digital sensor in modern cameras, captures the light and
photoreceptors convert light into electrical signals that converts it into an electronic signal.
are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
The eye has components such as the cornea, iris, lens, The camera's electronics process the signal, which can
and retina that work together to form images and be stored as a digital image or displayed in real-time on
provide visual information. a screen.

Image Formation: Image Formation:

Eye: The eye forms images through a process called Camera: A camera lens refracts light to focus it onto
refraction. The cornea and lens refract light to focus it the image sensor. The image sensor, made up of
 (b) Camera and Eye
Camera Eye

Adaptability: Adaptability:

Eye: The human eye is highly adaptable and can adjust Camera: Cameras can have adjustable focus settings to
its focus to see objects at different distances through a capture objects at different distances, but the process is
process called accommodation. The iris also controls manual or controlled electronically. Cameras also have
the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the mechanisms to control exposure settings, such as
size of the pupil. aperture, shutter speed, and ISO sensitivity, to adapt to
different lighting conditions.

Image Processing: Image Processing:

Eye: The human brain processes the electrical signals Camera: Cameras can apply various image processing
received from the retina to form a coherent visual techniques to enhance or alter the captured images.
perception. The brain combines the inputs from both This can include adjusting contrast, saturation,
eyes to create a three-dimensional perception of the sharpness, and applying filters. Additionally, cameras
world, allowing depth perception and the ability to can capture and record video, enabling the reproduction
 (b) Camera and Eye

Camera Eye

Limitations: Limitations:

Eye: The human eye has certain limitations. It is Camera: Cameras also have limitations. They
susceptible to visual imperfections like have a fixed resolution determined by the number
nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism of pixels on the image sensor, which affects the
(blurry or distorted vision). The eye's sensitivity level of detail captured. Cameras may struggle in
to light can vary, leading to difficulties in low- low-light conditions unless equipped with sensors
light or high-glare conditions. Additionally, the and lenses optimized for low-light photography.
eye has a limited dynamic range, making it Additionally, cameras may not replicate the
challenging to perceive details in both very bright dynamic range of the human eye, leading to loss
and very dark areas simultaneously. of detail in high-contrast scenes.
Q-5 Explain different laws of Thermodynamics (December-2022) 5 Marks

0th Law of Thermodynamics

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that if two systems are in
thermodynamic equilibrium with a third system, the two original systems are in
thermal equilibrium with each other. Basically, if system A is in thermal
equilibrium with system C and system B is also in thermal equilibrium with
system C, system A and system B are in thermal equilibrium with each

1st Law of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be converted from
one form to another with the interaction of heat, work and internal energy, but
it cannot be created nor destroyed, under any circumstances.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an
isolated system, will always increase over time. The second law also states that the changes in the
entropy in the universe can never be negative.

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

The 3rd law of thermodynamics will essentially allow us to quantify the absolute amplitude of
entropies. It says that when we are considering a totally perfect (100% pure) crystalline structure,
at absolute zero (0 Kelvin), it will have no entropy (S). Note that if the structure in question were
not totally crystalline, then although it would only have an extremely small disorder (entropy) in
space, we could not precisely say it had no entropy.
Q-6 Define Second Law of Thermodynamics (December-2021) 1.Marks
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an
isolated system, will always increase over time. The second law also states that the changes in the
entropy in the universe can never be negative.
The complete conversion of heat into work is not possible.
 Previous Year University Questions
Q-7 Differentiate between Science and Engineering by comparing the difference between Bird flying
and aircraft. (December-2021) 3 Marks
Science Engineering
Science: Engineering:
The primary objective of science is to understand the The primary objective of engineering is to apply
natural world and uncover knowledge about how scientific knowledge and principles to design and
things work. Scientists seek to explain phenomena, create practical solutions for real-world problems.
discover new principles, and expand the existing body Engineers focus on building and improving systems,
of knowledge. structures, processes, and technologies to meet specific
needs.

Science: Engineering:
Scientists typically follow the scientific method, which Engineers use scientific principles and knowledge as a
involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, foundation, but they employ a problem-solving
conducting experiments or gathering data, analyzing approach. They apply their expertise to design,
the results, and drawing conclusions. The emphasis is develop, and implement solutions. Engineers consider
on experimentation, data collection, and validation of factors such as feasibility, functionality, cost, safety,
hypotheses. and efficiency in their designs.
Flying a Bird 1. Aeroplane
• Birds generate lift by creating a pressure difference • Aircraft wings are shaped to create lift by
between the upper and lower surfaces of their wings. manipulating airflow.
Here the Scientist observed that the birds lift The same principle has been followed to make
themselves by creating pressure difference. the aircraft fly.

• Birds generate thrust and propulsion by flapping their • Aircraft use engines, such as jet engines or propellers,
wings, utilizing their muscle power. which generate thrust to propel the aircraft forward.
Here the muscle power is in use. Engineers developed engines to generate
power following their understanding that
power is needed.

• Birds are highly energy-efficient fliers. They have • Aircraft, while efficient in terms of fuel consumption
evolved to minimize energy consumption during compared to their weight, are less energy-efficient
flight, employing techniques like gliding and using than birds due to mechanical and propulsion
updrafts. constraints.
Flying a Bird 1. Aeroplane
• Birds have sophisticated flight control systems that • Aircraft have advanced control systems that utilize a
allow them to adjust their wing positions, tail combination of control surfaces, such as ailerons,
movements, and body posture to maintain stability elevators, and rudders, to maneuver and maintain
and control during flight. stability in flight.
The scientific observation lead to the aircraft
design like ailerons, elevators and rudders etc.