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Dokumen - Tips - Cell Structure Functions Introduction Eucaryotic Cell Structure

The document discusses cell structure and functions. It begins by defining key terms like cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It then describes the structures of eukaryotic cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts. It also discusses the cytoskeleton, plant cell walls, and differences between animal and plant cells as well as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and reproduce by binary fission.

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Jairra Jae Luna
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
28 views

Dokumen - Tips - Cell Structure Functions Introduction Eucaryotic Cell Structure

The document discusses cell structure and functions. It begins by defining key terms like cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It then describes the structures of eukaryotic cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts. It also discusses the cytoskeleton, plant cell walls, and differences between animal and plant cells as well as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and reproduce by binary fission.

Uploaded by

Jairra Jae Luna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELL STRUCTURE &

FUNCTIONS
Outline

 Introduction
 Eucaryotic cell structure
 Procaryotic cell structure
 Differences between Procaryotic &
Eukaryotic cells.
 Reproduction of organisms & their
cells.
 Gram stain
Introduction
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism.

- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical


reactions within a cell)

- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes


in its genetic material (DNA).

- Some microrganisms are procaryotic, some are eucaryotic, & some


are not cells at all (Viruses)

- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protien coat,


& may contain few enzymes.

- Cytology: the study of the structure and functions of cells.


Eucaryotic cell structure

 Eucaryotic cells: have a true


nucleus, & the DNA is
enclosed by a nuclear
membrane.

 They are 10 times larger than


Procaryotic cells.
Cell membrane
 It’s composed of large
molecules of protiens &
phospholipids (certain types of
fats).
 The cell membrane is
seperating the contents of the
cell from the outside world.
 It has the property of selective
permiability: only certain
substances may enter & leave
the cell
Cell Membrane
 Phospholipid bi-layer
that separates the cell
from its environment.

 Selectively permeable to
allow substances to pass
into and out of the cell.
Nucleus
 Double membrane-control, &
integrates the functions of the
entire cell.

 Consider the command center


of the cell.

 Separates the genetic material


from the rest of the cell.
Parts of the nucleus:

 Chromatin - genetic material of cell in its non-dividing state.


 Nucleoplasm is the gelatenous matrix of the nucleus, like
cytoplasm.
 Nucleolus - dark-staining structure in the nucleus that plays
a role in making ribosomes.
 Nuclear envelope - double membrane structure that
separates nucleus from cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm
 Is a gel-like matrix of water, enzymes, nutrients,
wastes, and gases and contains cell structures
(organelles).

 Fluid around the organelles called cytosol.

 Most of the cells metabolic reactions occur in the


cytoplasm.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum

 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)


 Accounts for more than half the total membranes in
many eukaryotic cells
 The ER membrane: is continuous with the nuclear
envelope

 There are two distinct regions of ER


 Smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes
 Rough ER, which contains ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Network of continuous
sacs, studded with
ribosomes.
 Manufactures, pro-cesses,
and transports proteins for
export from cell (vesicles)
 Continuous with nuclear
envelope.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

 Similar in appearance to rough ER, but without the


ribosomes.

 Involved in the production of lipids, carbohydrate


metabolism, and detoxification of drugs and
poisons.

 Stores calcium.
Ribosomes
 Are the sites of protein synthesis.

 Found attached to the Rough


endoplasmic reticulum or free in the
cytoplasm.

 60% RNA and 40% protein.

 Protein released from the ER are not


mature, need further processing in
Golgi complex before they are able to
perform their function within or
outside the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
 Modifies proteins and lipids
made by the ER and prepares
them for export from the cell
(exocytosis).

 Encloses digestive enyzymes into


membranes to form lysosomes.

 Consists of flattened
membranous sacs called cisternae
Lysosome
 Single membrane bound
structure.
 Contains digestive enzymes
that break down cellular
waste and debris and
nutrients for use by the cell.
 Originate at the Golgi
complex.
 Are the
Lysosome
 They contain lysozymes & other digestive enzymes
that breakdown foreign material taken into the cell by
phagocytosis (e.g Amebas, and certain types of
WBCs “phagocyte”).

 Also these enzymes may breakdown parts of the cell


or destroy the entire cell by process called autolysis if
the cell damaged or deteriorated.

 They contain up to 40 enzymes for digestion


Peroxisomes
 They are similar to lysosome but smaller.
 Peroxisomes contain the enzyme catalase, which
breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and
oxygen.
 Found mainly in liver and kidney cells
 Main function is detoxification of toxic materials.
Mitochondrion
 Membrane bound organelles
that are the site of cellular
respiration (ATP production)

 Mitochondria are enclosed


by two membranes
 A smooth outer membrane
 An inner membrane folded
into cristae
Chloroplast
 Site of photosynthesis
 Membrane bound
structure.
 Contains chlorophyll
 Found only in plants
Cytoskeleton

 The cytoskeleton
 Is a network of fibers extending throughout the
cytoplasm
Microtubule

0.25 µm Microfilaments
Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support,
Motility, and Regulation
 The cytoskeleton
 Gives mechanical support to the cell
 Is involved in cell motility, which utilizes motor proteins
Components of cytoskeleton:
1) Microfilaments

 Solid rods of globular


proteins.
 Important component of
cytoskeleton which
offers support to cell
structure.
Components of cytoskeleton:
2) Microtubules

 Microtubules
 Shape the cell
 Guide movement of organelles
 Help separate the chromosome copies in dividing cells
Components of cytoskeleton:
2) Microtubules

Centrosomes and Centrioles

 The centrosome
 Is considered to be a “microtubule-organizing center”
 Contains a pair of centrioles
Components of cytoskeleton:
2) Microtubules

Centrioles
 Found only in animal
cells.
 Self-replicating
 Made of bundles of
microtubules.
 Help in organizing cell
division.
Cell Wall
 Protects and gives
rigidity to plant cells
 Formed from fibrils of
cellulose molecules in a
“matrix” of
polysaccharides and
glycoproteins.
Cilia and Flagella
 External appendages
from the cell membrane
that aid in locomotion of
the cell.
 Cilia also help to move
substance past the
membrane.
Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Procaryotic cell strucure
 Are about 10 times smaller than eucaryotic cells.
 Reproduction of these cells by binary fission.
 Binary fission: the simple division of one cell into
two cells, following DNA replication, & the
formation of a separating membrane & cell wall.
Procaryotic cell strucure
 Cytoplasm is surrounded by a cell membrane, a cell
wall (usually), & sometimes a capsule or slime
layer.

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