ACROPOLIS INSTITUDE OF TECHNOLOGY

AND RESEARCH

ROR Presentation

भारत की भाषाएँ Submitted by:-

Neelam Sharma
Nakul Yadav
Submitted to :- Naman Namdev
Ms Priyanka Raghuvanshi Naman Shah
Namish Dheer
Naveen Choudhary
Neelesh Tripathi
Neeraj Nagwanshi
Index
• Introduction
• Eastern region
• Central region
• South Western Region
• North Eastern Region
Introduction
 India, a potpourri of different cultures , religions, and beliefs, is home to not
just one or two languages but to an uncountable number of different lingual
families. Languages belonging to the two major languages families –Indo
Aryan and Dravidian – are spoken by more than 90% of the people of India.
 According to Ethnologue , India is considered to be the home to 398
languages. But still there is not a single Indian Language which is spoken
across its length and breadth. Hindi is spoken by the majority of north Indians
but it is not a popular means of communication in southern part of India.
Similarly south Indian languages – Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam- are
not understood by the people of northern India.
 For the convenience of people, the Constitution of India has recognised 23
languages as official languages of India. These are known as Scheduled
Languages and constitutes the Major languages of India.
 Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri
, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Marathi, Meitei
(Manipuri), Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
and Urdu.
 These languages belong to one of six language families: Austroasiatic,
Dravidian, Great Andamanese, Indo-Aryan, Sino-Tibetan and Tai–Kadai.
 Besides these, there are Indian Languages which are spoken by large
masses but have still not acquired the status of Scheduled Languages of
India. These languages spoken by regional people are known as regional
languages of India. This includes Rajasthani, Bihari, Haryanvi, Bhili, Gondi ,
Tulu among others.
Here Languages Of India are divided according
to region in which they are spoken.
 North Western Region
 North Eastern Region
 South Western Region
 South Eastern Region
 Eastern Region
 Central Region
 Eastern Region
Language spoken in eastern Indian refers to the various languages spoken in the eastern region of
the Indian subcontinent that is in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and the
union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• The roots of East Indian languages can be traced back to the Indo-Aryan language family.
• People can conduct business transactions in languages that have a positive impact on their
countries’ economies. Middle Eastern people and other foreigners frequently use English as their
primary business language.
Bihar
• Bihari is a group of the Indo-Aryan languages. The Bihari languages are mainly spoken in
the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh and also in Nepal. The
most widely spoken languages of the Bihari group are Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili.

Jharkhand
• Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand] and is spoken by the people of the state,
although different regions have their own languages.
• These include Nagpuri, Khortha, Kurmali, Magahi and Bhojpuri. Jharkhand has accorded
additional official language status
to Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Kurukh, Khortha, Kurmali, Magahi, Maithili,
Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali and Urdu.
Odisha
• The official language of Orissa is Oriya, which is spoken by the majority (84%) of the population. It is also one
of the most prominent and one of the oldest languages of India. The other major languages spoken in the state
are Hindi, Urdu, Bengali and Telugu. English language is spoken only by a few literate people in Orissa.

West Bengal
• Bengali Language
The language prevalently spoken by the people of the state of West Bengal is Bengali, which is an Indo Aryan
language derived from the alphabets of the Devanagari script. The Brahmi script also had an influence on the
language. Bengali is commonly used in the state of West Bengal and in the country of Bangladesh.
• English Language
English is used as a language of communication among the people of the state of West Bengal.

Andaman Nicobar Islands

• Most of the people speak Bengali and Hindi However, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam are also common in Andaman
& Nicobar island. The habitants of the Andaman Islands have Andamanese which is a small group that speak
Andamanese language.
• The local tribe of Nicobar is Nicobarese. The Nicobarese language came from the Austro Asiatic language.
 Central Region
Languages of Central India
• The Central Indo-Aryan languages or Hindi languages are a group of related language
varieties Spoken across North India and Central India.
• They historically form a dialect continuum that descends from the Middle Prakrits. Located
in the Hindi Belt, the Central Zone includes the Dehlavi (Delhi) dialect (one of several
called 'Khariboli') of the Hindustani language, The lingua franca of Northern India that is
the basis of the Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu literary standards.
• Now lets talk more about the modern day India and the languages spoken in the central
parts of India. Central India is fundamentally defined by the states of Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh.
• Madhya Pradesh being an enormous landlocked state in itself was divided to form
Chhattisgarh on November 1, 2000, when the sixteen Chhattisgarhi-speaking south-
eastern districts of Madhya Pradesh gained statehood to govern for themselves.
• Central Indian life and culture and history is exclusively pivoted around these two states
and their evolvement for the better. Though Madhya Pradesh acted as the 'rocking cradle'
of umpteen dynasties across spanning phases of history, it is conspicuously Indo-Aryan in
nature.
• As such, central Indian languages wholly have been derived from the Indo-Aryan language
family. Hindi is the principal and official language of the state, spoken by majority of the
population. Apart from Hindi, several other Indian languages and dialects are also rampant
all over Madhya Pradesh. Excluding 'standard Hindi', several regional variants also finds its
guaranteed place. Some people regard them as localised dialects of the Hindi language.
• The major languages comprise Malvi in Malwa, Nimadi in Nimar, Bundeli in Bundelkhand
and Bagheli in Bagelkhand and the southeast region of the state.
• Most of the tribal people and natives speak languages that comprise Bhilodi (Bhili), Gondi
and the sequestered Kalto (Nahali). A substantial number of people also speak Marathi, a
legacy of Maratha rule in Madhya Pradesh. Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi and Gujarati are some
other dominant languages spoken in Madhya Pradesh.
Western Hindi:
• Braj ,spoken in western Uttar Pradesh and adjacent districts of Rajasthan and Haryana.

• Haryanvi ,spoken in Chandigarh, Haryana, and as a minority in Punjab and Delhi.

• Bundeli ,spoken in south-western Uttar Pradesh and west-central Madhya Pradesh.

• Kannauji ,spoken in west-central Uttar Pradesh.

• Hindustani languages, spoken in western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and after partition in
Pakistan.

• Hindi ,a Sanskritized register of Hindustani, the most common language in India.

• Urdu , a Perso-Arabicized register of Hindustani, an official language in both India and

Pakistan.
Eastern Hindi :
• Awadhi , spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh as well as the Caribbean, Fiji,
Mauritius and South Africa

• Caribbean Hindustani (mostly based on Bhojpuri but has major Awadhi influence)

• Fiji Hindi (mostly based on Awadhi with Bhojpuri influence)

• Bagheli ,spoken in north-central Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Uttar Pradesh.

• Chhattisgarhi , spoken in southeast Madhya Pradesh and northern and central

Chhattisgarh.

• Surgujia, spoken in Chhattisgarh

Bombay Hindi ("Bombay Baat"), the dialect of the city of Mumbai (Bombay); it is
based on Hindustani but heavily influenced by Marathi. Technically it is a pidgin, i.e.
neither is it a native language of any people nor is it used in formal settings by the
educated and upper social strata. However, it is often used in the films of Hindi
cinema (Bollywood) because Mumbai is the base of the Bollywood film industry.
 South Western Region
Marathi: -
• Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by Marathi people in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the
official language of Maharashtra, and additional official language in the state of Goa. It is one of the 22 scheduled
languages of India, with 83 million speakers as of 2011. Marathi ranks 11th in the list of languages with most native
speakers in the world. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi and Bengali. The
language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages. The major dialects of Marathi are Standard
Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we' and possesses a three-way
gender system, that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine.

 History: -
• Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-Aryan language family are derived from early forms of
Prakrit. Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further changes led to the
formation of Jain Apabhramsa followed by Old Marathi. The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language
date to approximately 1st century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at Nane hat, Junor in Pune district had
been written in Maharashtri using Brahmi script. A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get
the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 1,500 - 2,000 years ago alongside Sanskrit
as a sister language. These inscriptions suggest that Marathi was a standard written language by the 12th century.
However, there is no record of any literature produced in Marathi until the late 13th century.
 Geographical Distribution: -
1. Nationally: -
• Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrian migrants to other parts of India and overseas. For instance, the
people from western India who emigrated to Mauritius in the early 19th century also speak Marathi. There
were 83 million native Marathi speakers in India, according to the 2011 census, making it the third most
spoken native language after Hindi and Bengali. Native Marathi speakers form 6.86% of India's population.
Native speakers of Marathi formed 70.34% of the population in Maharashtra, 10.89% in Goa, 7.01% in
Dadra and Nagar Haveli, 4.53% in Daman and Diu, 3.38% in Karnataka, 1.7% in Madhya Pradesh, and
1.52% in Gujarat.
1. Internationally: -
• According to the geographical distribution of Marathi speakers in the 2019 edition of Ethnolouge, a language
reference published by SIL International, which is based in the United States of America the Marathi
Speakers in some of the most common international countries are as follows: -
Country Speaker Notes
Population
Australia 13,100 2016 census
Canada 8,300 2016 census
Israel 11,000 Leclerc 2018a
Mauritius 17,000 Leclerc 2018c
New 2,900 2013 census
Zealand
UK 6,410 2011 census
USA 73,600 2015 census
Kannada: -
• Kannada, previously also known as Canarese, is a Dravidian Language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in
southwestern India, with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 47 million native speakers, and was additionally a second
or third language for around 13 million non-native speakers in Karnataka. Kannada was the court language of a number of dynasties
of south and central India, namely the Kadambas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Yadava Dynasty or Seunas, Western Ganga
dynasty, Wodeyars of Mysore, Nayakas of Keladi Hoysalas and the Vijayanagar empire.

 History: -
• The earliest Kannada inscriptions are from the middle of the 5th century AD, but there are a number of earlier texts that may have
been influenced by the ancestor language of Old Kannada.
• Iravatam Mahadevan, author of a work on early Tamil epigraphy, argued that oral traditions in Kannada and Telugu existed much
before written documents were produced. Although the rock inscriptions of Ashoka were written in Prakrit, the spoken language in
those regions was Kannada as the case may be.

 Geographical Distribution: -
i) Nationally: -
• Kannada had 43.5 million native speakers in India at the time of the 2011 census. It is the main language of the state of Karnataka,
where it is spoken natively by 40.6 million people, or about two thirds of the state's population. There are native Kannada speakers in
the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu (1,140,000 speakers), Maharashtra (993,000), Andhra
Pradesh/Telangana (533,000), Kerala (78,100) and Goa (67,800). It is also spoken as a second and third language by over 12.9 million
non-native speakers in Karnataka.

• Kannadigas form Tamil Nadu's 3rd biggest linguistic group and add up to about 1.23 million which is 2.2% of Tamil Nadu's total
population.
 i) Internationally: -
• In the United States, there were 35,900 speakers in 2006–2008, a number that had risen to 48,600 by the time of the
2015 census. There are 4,000 speakers in Canada (according to the 2016 census), 9,700 in Australia (2016 census),
22,000 in Singapore (2018 estimate), and 59,000 in Malaysia (2021 estimate).

Bhili: -
• The Bhil languages are a group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken by around 10.4 million Bhils in western and
central India as of 2011. They constitute the primary languages of the southern Aravalli Range in Rajasthan and the
western Satpura Range in Madhya Pradesh, northwestern Maharashtra, and southern Gujarat. According to the 52nd
report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in India, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Bhili is the most commonly
spoken language of the district of Dadra and Nagar Haveli constituting 40.42% of its total population. Bhili speakers are
also significant in the states of Gujarat (4.75%), Madhya Pradesh (4.93%) and Rajasthan (4.60%).

Konkani: -
• Konkani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Konkani people, primarily in the Konkan region, along the
western coast of India. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the Indian Constitution, and the official
language of the Indian state of Goa. It is a minority language in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerela, Gujrat, & Damaon, Diu
& Silvassa.
 History: -
• The substratum of the Konkani language lies in the speech of Austroasiatic tribes called Kurukh, Oraon, and Kukni,
whose modern representatives are languages like Kurukh and its dialects including Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, and Malto.
The grammatical impact of the Dravidian languages on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is difficult to
fathom. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a
Dravidian substratum.
• Geographical Distribution: -
• According to the 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in
India. The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502
making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in Karnataka, 964,305 in Goa, 399,255
in Maharashtra, and 69,449 in Kerala. It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of
Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in the decade 2001-2011.
 Northern Region
 Languages spoken in northern region are Punjabi, Dogri, Sindhi, Sanskrit, Marwari, Kashmiri, Urdu,
Hindi.
 Northern region of India includes the states of Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
and Kashmir, Ladakh, Punjab and Rajasthan.
 North India has been the historical centre of the Mughal Empire, the Delhi Sultanate and the British
Indian Empire. It has a diverse culture, and includes the Hindu pilgrimage centres of Char Dham,
Haridwar, Varanasi, Ayodhya, Mathura, Allahabad, Vaishno Devi and Pushkar.
 North India lies mainly in the north temperate zone of the Earth.[29] Though cool or cold winters, hot
summers and moderate monsoons are the general pattern.
 Dance of North India too has diverse folk and classical forms. Among the well-known folk dances are the
bhangra of the Punjab, Ghoomar of Rajasthan, Nati of Himachal Pradesh and rouf and bhand pather of
Kashmir. Main dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, such as Kathak.
 world heritage sites such as the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Khajuraho temples, Hill Forts of
Rajasthan, Jantar Mantar (Jaipur), Qutab Minar, Red Fort, Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri and the Taj Mahal.
Northern Region
• Delhi
Delhi is a Union Territory situated in the northern part of India. It is the second-largest city by population and the largest
metropolitan city by area in India. The city is known officially as the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Language spoken are
English, Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu.
• Haryana
Haryana is a state situated in North India. It shares its borders with Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in the north, Rajasthan in
the west and south and Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh in the east. Language spoken are Haryanvi, Punjabi, English.
• Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh in literal terms means Region of snowy mountains. It shares its borders with Jammu and Kashmir in the
north, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in the south, Punjab in the west and south-west and Uttarakhand in the south-east.
Language are Hindi, Sanskrit.
• Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir is situated in the northernmost part of India. Jammu and Kashmir share its border with Himachal Pradesh
and Punjab in the south and the People's Republic of China in the north and east. Language spoken are Urdu, Dogri, Kashmiri,
Hindi and English.
• Uttarakhand
It is also called the Land of Gods because of the numerous holy Hindu temples found across the different cities in the state.
Uttarakhand shares its borders with Nepal in the east, the Tibet Autonomous Region in the north, Uttar Pradesh in the south,
Haryana in the west and Himachal Pradesh in the North West. Language spoken are Hindi, Sanskrit.
• Punjab
Punjab is another significant state situated in the northwest part of India. It is one of the most naturally blessed states in the
country. Punjab shares its borders with Jammu and Kashmir in the north, Himachal Pradesh in the east, Haryana in the south and
Pakistan in the west. Language spoken is Punjabi.
• Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh is bordered by Nepal and the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. It is also known as the cultural cradle of India since it is believed to be the birthplace of
Hinduism. Language spoken are Hindi, Urdu.
• Rajasthan
Rajasthan is India’s most vibrant state. It lies in northern India and shares its borders with the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. It is the largest state of India in terms of area. Language spoken are Hindi, English, Marwari.
• Ladakh
The reorganization of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in 2019 divided the state into two union territories. One of them is Ladakh. It
is bordered by the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and the Tibet Autonomous Region. Official language spoken is English, Hindi,
Urdu
• Chandigarh
Chandigarh is the only union territory of India which serves as the capital of two Indian states of Haryana and Punjab. From the
north, the east and the south, it is bordered by Punjab and from the east, it is bordered by Haryana. Language spoken are English,
Punjabi.
 South-East Region

• Languages spoken in South-East region are Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Hindi.

• States and Union Territories of south-east region are Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Karnataka, Lakshadweep, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh.
• South India, also known as Dakshina Bharata or Peninsular India,[4] consists of the
peninsular southern part of India. It encompasses the Indian states of Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, as well as the union
territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry.
• South India is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west
and the Indian Ocean in the south.
 Tamil
• Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical language of India.
• Tamil, like other Dravidian languages, ultimately descends from
the Proto-Dravidian language.
• which was most likely spoken around the third
millennium BC, possibly in the region around the
lower Godavari river basin.
 Classification

• Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages, a

family of around 26 languages native to the Indian subcontinent.
• It is also classified as being part of a Tamil language family.
• According to Hindu legend, Tamil or in personification
form TamilThāi (Mother Tamil) was created by Lord Shiva.
 Geographic distribution
• Tamil is the primary language of the majority of the people residing in
Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, and in the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri
Lanka.
• The language is spoken among small minority groups in other states of
India which include Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India and
in certain regions of Sri Lanka such as Colombo and the hill country.
 Telugu
• Telugu is the fourth most spoken language in India
• Telugu is natively spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and Yanam district
of Puducherry.
• Telugu speakers are also found in the neighboring states of Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, some parts of Jharkhand and
the Kharagpur region of West Bengal in India.
• Many Telugu immigrants are also found in the states of Gujarat, Goa, Bihar, Kashmir, Uttar
Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.
• At 7.2% of the population, Telugu is the fourth-most-spoken language in the Indian subcontinent
after Hindi, Bengali and Marathi.
• In Karnataka, 7.0% of the population speak Telugu, and 5.6% in Tamil Nadu.
• There are more than 1,000,000 Telugu Americans in the United States, with the highest
concentration in Central New Jersey, also known as Little Andhra.
• As of 2018, Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States, with the number of
Telugu speakers in the United States increasing by 86% between 2010 and 2017
 Legal status
• Telugu is the official language of the Indian states of Andhra
Pradesh and Telangana.
• It is one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India.
• It is one of the official languages of the union territories of Puducherry.
• Telugu is a protected language in South Africa. According to the Constitution of
South Africa, the Pan South African Language Board must promote and ensure
respect for Telugu along with other languages.
• The Government of South Africa announced that Telugu will be re-included as
the official subject in the South African schools after it was removed from the
curriculum in state schools.
 Urdu
• Urdu is the second most-widely spoken language in telangana.
• The Urdu language is spoken predominantly in India and Pakistan.
• It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially
recognized in the constitution of India.
• The Pathans of Tamil Nadu are Urdu-speaking Muslims of Pashtun
ancestry who have migrated to and settled in the South Indian state
of Tamil Nadu.
Thank you