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Chapter3 Lect5

The document discusses different types of line codes used to transmit digital data over communication channels. It describes line codes based on their symbol mapping (unipolar, polar, bipolar) and pulse shape (NRZ, RZ, Manchester). Polar and Manchester line codes allow for easier synchronization compared to unipolar NRZ. Bipolar codes have no DC component, making them more energy efficient. The document compares various line codes and their suitability for synchronization and spectral characteristics.

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mhamdi mounir
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
45 views

Chapter3 Lect5

The document discusses different types of line codes used to transmit digital data over communication channels. It describes line codes based on their symbol mapping (unipolar, polar, bipolar) and pulse shape (NRZ, RZ, Manchester). Polar and Manchester line codes allow for easier synchronization compared to unipolar NRZ. Bipolar codes have no DC component, making them more energy efficient. The document compares various line codes and their suitability for synchronization and spectral characteristics.

Uploaded by

mhamdi mounir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3:

Line Codes and Their Spectra


 Types of Line Codes
 Comparison of Line Codes
 PSD of Line Codes

Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University Eeng 360 1
Line Codes in PCM
 The output of an ADC can be transmitted over a baseband channel.
• The digital information must first be converted into a physical signal.
• The physical signal is called a line code. Line coders use the terminology mark
to mean binary one and space to mean binary zero.
Analog
Input
Signal
Sample

X
Quantize ADC
XQ

Encode

Xk
Line
Code
x(t) PCM signal
Eeng 360 2
Line codes
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 BINARY DATA

(a) Punched Tape Mark Mark space Mark space space Mark
(hole) (hole) (hole) (hole)
Volts
A

0
(b) Unipolar NRZ
Tb Time

(c) Polar NRZ 0


-A

0
(d) Unipolar RZ

A
(e) Bipolar RZ 0
-A

A
(f) Manchester NRZ 0
-A

Binary Signaling Formats


EEE 360 3
Goals of Line Coding
 A line code is designed to meet several goals:
 Self-synchronization.
• The ability to recover timing from the signal itself.
• Long series of ones and zeros could cause a problem.

 Low probability of bit error.


• The receiver needs to be able to distinguish the waveform associated
with a mark from the waveform associated with a space, even if there
is a considerable amount of noise and distortion in the channel.

 Spectrum that is suitable for the channel.


• In some cases DC components should be avoided if the channel has a
DC blocking capacitance.
• The transmission bandwidth should be minimized.

Eeng 360 4
Line Coder

Digital
Data ak
Line Coder
Physical x(t ) 
Waveform

k 
ak p(t  kTb )

 The input to the line encoder is a sequence of values a k that is a


function of a data bit or an ADC output bit.
 The output of the line encoder is a waveform:

x(t )  a
k 
k p (t  kTb )
 Where p(t) is the Pulse Shape and Tb is the Bit Period
 Tb =Ts/n for n bit quantizer (and no parity bits).
 Rb =1/Tb=nfs for n bit quantizer (and no parity bits).
 The operational details of this function are set by the particular
type of line code that is being used.

Eeng 360 5
Types of Line Codes
 Each line code is described by a symbol mapping function ak and
a pulse shape p(t):

x(t )  a
k 
k p (t  kTb )

 Categories of line codes:


 Symbol mapping functions (ak).
• Unipolar
• Polar
• Bipolar (a.k.a. alternate mark inversion, pseudoternary)

 Pulse shapes p(t).


• NRZ (Nonreturn-to-zero)
• RZ (Return to Zero)
• Manchester (split phase)

Eeng 360 6
Unipolar NRZ Line Code
 The unipolar nonreturn-to-zero line code is defined by the
unipolar mapping:
 A when X k  1
ak  
 0 when X k  0
 where Xk is the kth data bit.
 In addition, the pulse shape for unipolar NRZ is:
 t 
p(t )     NRZ pulse shape
 Tb 
 Where Tb is the bit period.
Hard to recover symbol timing
Note the DC component when long string of 0s or 1s.
This means wasted power!
1 0 1 1 0 1
A

0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb


Eeng 360 7
Unipolar RZ Line Code
 The unipolar return-to-zero line code has the same symbol
mapping but a different pulse shape than unipolar NRZ:

 A when X k  1
ak  
 0 when X k  0

 t 
p (t )     RZ pulse shape
 Tb / 2 
Long strings of 1’s no longer a problem.
Pulse of half the duration of NRZ
However strings of 0’s still problem.
requires twice the bandwidth!
1 0 1 1 0 1
A

0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb

Eeng 360 8
Polar Line Codes
 Polar line codes use the antipodal mapping:
 A when X k  1
ak  
  A when X k  0
 Polar NRZ uses NRZ pulse shape.
 Polar RZ uses RZ pulse shape.
No DC component,
so more energy efficient.
1 0 1 1 0 1
A

Polar NRZ
Now we can handle
long strings of 0’s, too.
A
Polar RZ

A Eeng 360 9
Manchester Line Codes
 Manchester line codes use the antipodal mapping
and the following split-phase pulse shape:
p(t )

 t  Tb / 4   t  Tb / 4 
p(t )        
 b T / 2   b T / 2 

1 0 1 1 0 1

• Easy synchronization and better spectral characteristics than polar


RZ.
Eeng 360 10
Bipolar Line Codes
 With bipolar line codes a space is mapped to zero and a mark is
alternately mapped to -A and +A:

 0 when X k  0

ak    A when X k  1 and last mark   A
 A when X k  1 and last mark   A

• Also called pseudoternary signalling and alternate mark inversion


(AMI).
• Either RZ or NRZ pulse shape can be used.
1 0 1 1 0 1
A

Bipolar (RZ)

A

Eeng 360 11
Comparison of Line Codes
 Self-synchronization:
 Manchester codes have built in timing information because
they always have a zero crossing in the center of the pulse.
 Polar RZ codes tend to be good because the signal level
always goes to zero for the second half of the pulse.
 NRZ signals are not good for self-synchronization.

 Error probability:
 Polar codes perform better (are more energy efficient) than
Unipolar or Bipolar codes.

 Channel characteristics:

We need to find the PSD of the line codes to answer this ...

Eeng 360 12
Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes
 PSD can be calculated using the autocorrelation function:

 t 
 A digital signal is represented by s(t )   an f (t  nTs ) ; f (t )     for unipolar NRZ
n   Ts 

f(t) - Symbol Pulse shape; Ts - Duration of one symbol;


Binary signaling : Ts= Tb , Multilevel signaling: Ts= lTb
 PSD depends on:
(1) The pulse shape used
(2) Statistical properties of data expressed by the autocorrelation function
 The PSD of a digital signal is given by:
2
F( f ) 
Ps ( f ) 
Ts
 R ( k )e
k 
 j 2 kfTs
Where { f (t )}  F ( f )
I
R(k )   (an an  k )i Pi The autocorrelation function of data
i 1

an and an  k are levels of the data pulses at the n ' th and (n  k )'th symbol positions
Pi Probability of having the ith an an  k product

Eeng 360 13
PSD for Polar NRZ Signaling
Possible levels for the a’s : +A and -A
I
R(k )   (an an  k )i Pi an and an  k are the level of the pulses at the nth and ( n  k )th symbols
i 1

2
1 1
R (0)   (an an )i Pi  A2  ( A) 2  A2
i 1 2 2
4
For k  0, R(k )   ( an an  k ) Pi  A21/ 4  (  A)( A)1/ 4  ( A)(  A)1/ 4  (  A) 21/ 4  0
i 1

 A2 , k  0
 R polar (k )  
0, k  0
2
sin  fTb Ff  
2 kfTs
f (t )   (t / Tb )  F ( f )  Tb
 fTb
Ps  f  
Ts

k 
R k  e

2
2  sin  fTb 
PPolar NRZ ( f )  A Tb  
  fTb 
Eeng 360 14
PSD for line codes
Unipolar NRZ

2
A2Tb  sin  fTb   1 
PUni. NRZ ( f )    1   ( f ) 
4   fTb   Tb 

Polar NRZ

2
2  sin  fTb 
PPolar NRZ ( f )  A Tb  
  fTb 

Bit rate: R=1/Tb


Eeng 360 15
PSD for line codes 2
A2Tb  sin  fTb / 2   1 
n 
Unipolar RZ PUni. RZ ( f )  
16   fTb / 2 
 1    ( f  T )
 Tb n  b 

Bipolar RZ 2
A Tb  sin  fTb 
2

 sin  fTb 
2
PBipolar RZ ( f )  
4   fTb 

Manchester
NRZ
2
 sin  fTb / 2 
PManch. NRZ ( f )  A2Tb   sin  fTb / 2 
2

  fTb / 2 

Bit rate: R=1/Tb


Eeng 360 16

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