Introduction to Computer

Science and programming

Software
 Why Learn About Software?


Software is indispensable for any computer system

Systems software needed for input, calculations, and output

Application software aids in productivity

Personal tasks using software
 Income tax preparation
 Keeping a budget
 Internet research
 Games

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An Overview of Software


Computer programs: sequences of instructions for
the computer

Documentation: describes program functions

Software – system software and application
software

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Systems Software


Systems software: coordinates the activities and
functions of hardware and programs

Computer system platform: combination of a
hardware configuration and systems software

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 Application Software


Application software: helps users solve particular problems

In most cases, application software resides on the
computer’s hard disk

Application software can also be stored on CDs, DVDs, and
flash.

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 Supporting Individual, Group, and
Organizational Goals

Organization – people, workgroup, enterprise – supported
with software and IS

Organization needs to classify the software and IS uses to
increase productivity – need to identify the scope of problems
and opportunities

Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and
opportunities addressed by a particular organization

For most companies, the spheres of influence are personal,
workgroup, and enterprise

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Supporting Individual, Group, and
Organizational Goals (continued)

Software Supporting Individuals, Workgroups, and Enterprises

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 Installing and Removing Software for PCs


Before you can use software, it must be installed on a computer

Software for personal computers typically comes on CDs or is
downloaded from the Web

Most operating systems have an add/remove program feature
for removing software
 Does not work with all software
 Does not always remove all elements of the software

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 Systems Software


Systems software
 Controls operations of computer hardware
 Supports application programs’ problem-solving capabilities

Types of systems software
 Operating systems
 Utility programs
 Middleware

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 Operating Systems


Operating system (OS): set of programs that controls the
computer hardware and acts as an interface with application
programs

Kernel: ties all components of the OS together and regulates other
programs

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 Factors considered when choosing an
Operating system(alhasan and Bach 2014)
• Convenience
• Capability
• Security
• Interface
• Recovery
 Convenience
• Approaching needs with minimum cost
• Clients concern about the advantages and the disadvantages of an
operating system is based on their needs.
• Normal users tend to focus on an operating system that works best with
their applications.
• Many average users like to own an operating system that is well known
and available most places. So that if they ever need help , it is available.
 Capability
• It depends on the task that requires processing.
• Processing graphics demands, robust (CPU) and programs require enough
memory(RAM).
• Having enough memory to store and perform all tasks efficiently is
important to most users
• However, there are some operating systems that deal better with managing
hardware and memory.
 Security
• This is driven by whether its for personal use or business use.
• Some operating systems are known for their high standard of security
which may compensate for small shortcomings in features and flexibility.
• Some may be good in terms of features and flexibility but bad in terms of
security and hence third party solutions to cover security will be needed
e.g. An antivirus software or firewall.
 Interface
• People normally pay much more attention to a graphical user interface(GUI)
• ‘normal’ users want an interface that is visual(windows and buttons were they
can click and drag)
• When users are skillful, the interface is a minor issue.
• They see themselves with a command screen where they can interact deeply with
the machine.
• In most cases the aesthetics of a machine are judged based on the user’s needs
and level of expertise.
 Recovery
• Users do not want to lose their data due to the system crashing or when
the performance of the system degrades.
• Some operating systems have recovery mechanisms.
• Users are able to use tools to recover their data as opposed to losing it
through formatting.
 Operating Systems(cont)


Various combinations of OSs, computers, and users
 Single computer with a single user
 Single computer with multiple users
 Multiple computers
 Special-purpose computers

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Operating Systems (continued)
The role of Systems Software –interface between users,
application software and hardware

The Role of Systems Software

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Operating Systems (continued)


OS acts as an intermediary between application and
hardware

OS converts basic request into a set of details
instruction that the hardware requires

Common hardware functions (e.g.)
 Get input from keyboard or some other input device
 Retrieve data from disks
 Store data on disks
 Display information on a monitor or printer

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Operating Systems Functions

1. User interface and input/output management

 User interface: allows individuals to access and
command the computer system
 Command-based user interface: requires that text
commands be given to the computer to perform
basic activities
 Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and
menus displayed on screen to send commands to
the computer system

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Operating Systems Functions (continued)

2. Hardware independence
 Application program interface (API): allows
applications to make use of the operating system
3. Memory management
 Control how memory is accessed and maximize
available memory and storage

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Operating Systems Functions (continued)

Application Program Interface Links Application Software to the

Operating System

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 Operating Systems (continued)
4. Processing tasks
 Multitasking: more than one program can run at
the same time
 Time-sharing: allows more than one person to use
a computer system at the same time
 Scalability: ability of the computer to handle an
increasing number of concurrent users smoothly
5. Networking capability
 Features and capabilities of the OS that aid users in
connecting to a computer network

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Operating Systems (continued)

6. Access to system resources and security

 Protection against unauthorized access
 Logins and passwords

7. File management
 Ensures that files in secondary storage are
available when needed and that they are protected
from access by unauthorized users

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 Utility Programs


Help to perform maintenance or correct problems within a
computer system.

Common types of utility programs:
 Hardware utilities
 Virus-detection and recovery utilities
 File-compression utilities
 Spam and pop-up blocker utilities

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 Utility Programs (continued)


Network and Internet utilities

Server and mainframe utilities

Other utilities
 Manages and protects corporate documents
 Helps people with visual disabilities use the Internet
 Monitors employees
 Searches for files and documents

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 Middleware


Middleware: software that allows different systems to
communicate and exchange data

Middleware can also be used as an interface between the
Internet and older legacy systems

Eg. Websphere

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 Application Software


Primary function is to apply the power of the computer to give
individuals, workgroups, and the entire enterprise the ability to
solve problems and perform specific tasks

Application programs interact with systems software; systems
software then directs computer hardware to perform the
necessary tasks

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Overview of Application Software


Customised/proprietary software: one-of-a-kind
program for a specific application, usually developed
and owned by a single company

Off-the-shelf software: existing software program that
is purchased

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Overview of Application Software (continued)

Types of Application Software

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Overview of Application Software (continued)

A Comparison of Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software

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Overview of Application Software (continued)

A Comparison of Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software (continued)

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Personal Application Software


Serves the needs of an individual user

Includes personal productivity software
 Enables users to improve their personal
effectiveness

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Copyrights and Licenses


Most software products are protected by law using
copyright or licensing provisions
 In some cases, you are given unlimited use of
software on one or two computers
 In other cases, you pay for your usage—if you use
the software more, you pay more

Some software now requires that you register or
activate it before it can be fully used

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 Open-Source Software


Open-source software: software freely available to anyone in a
form that can be easily modified

Some widely used open-source software packages: Linux OS,
Free BSD, Apache, Sendmail, Perl

Open-source software is often more reliable and secure than
commercial software

Open-source systems can contain hidden costs, particularly for
user support or solving problems with the software

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Open-Source Software (continued)

Examples of Open-Source Software

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Shareware, Freeware, and Public Domain
Software

Shareware and freeware: software that is very
inexpensive or free, but whose source code cannot be
modified

Public domain software: shareware and freeware
that is in the public domain

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 Adapted from:
• Stair ,R.M and Reynolds G.W., Principles of Information Systems: A
Managerial Approach 9th ed.
• Alhassan, H.U and Bach,C., Operating System and Decision Making,
ASEE 2014 Zone I conference, April 3 -5, 2014, University of Bridgeport,
Bridgpeort, CT, USA.
http://www.asee.org/documents/zones/zone1/2014/Student/PDFs/175.pdf