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Chapter 3 Motion in Two Dimensions

This document summarizes key topics in two-dimensional motion: 1. Vectors have magnitude and direction and can be resolved into x and y components. 2. Vectors can be added by adding corresponding x and y components, and subtracted by subtracting components. 3. Velocity and acceleration in two dimensions are represented by vectors, with velocity being the change in displacement over time. 4. Examples demonstrate calculating final displacement from initial displacements, magnitudes and angles of vectors, and average velocity from distances and times traveled in different directions.

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68 views

Chapter 3 Motion in Two Dimensions

This document summarizes key topics in two-dimensional motion: 1. Vectors have magnitude and direction and can be resolved into x and y components. 2. Vectors can be added by adding corresponding x and y components, and subtracted by subtracting components. 3. Velocity and acceleration in two dimensions are represented by vectors, with velocity being the change in displacement over time. 4. Examples demonstrate calculating final displacement from initial displacements, magnitudes and angles of vectors, and average velocity from distances and times traveled in different directions.

Uploaded by

zzz muna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter Three

Motion in two Dimensions

Course topics:
3.1 An introduction to vectors
3.2 The velocity in two dimensions
3.3 The acceleration in two dimensions
Introduction to Vectors

• Physical quantities can be classified as


scalars or vectors.
• A scalar quantity is simple number (with
unit) such as mass, distance, speed. For
example 2km.
• A vector quantity is defined with both a
magnitude (which is a number with unit) and
a direction; such as force, displacement,
velocity. For example 2km east.
• For example, to describe where the school
is located versus your home, it is not
sufficient to give the distance between
them. We have to give the distance and the
direction.
• Along this chapter we will see how to
describe motion in two dimensions
using vectors. That’s why it’s first
important to know what is a vector
and how to add, subtract and multiply
vectors.
The component of vectors

• A vector is defined with a magnitude and a


direction.
• The magnitude is given by the length of the
vector and the direction by a positive angle.
• A vector is resolved in (𝑥, 𝑦) plane into
two components in the figure above: is the
component on the 𝑥 axis and is the
component on the 𝑦 axis, where:
• If the vector is defined in the (𝑥, 𝑦)
plane by its components 𝐴𝑥 and 𝐴𝑦,
then the magnitude and the direction of
the vector are:
Example
A person walks 1 𝑘𝑚 due east. If the person
then walks a second kilometer, what is the
final distance from the starting point if the
second kilometer is walked: a) due east? b)
due west? C) due south?
We will call the first displacement and the
second.
Solution
• We construct the sum 𝑪 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 for the three
cases in Figure below.
a) Since 𝑨 and 𝑩 are in the same direction,

𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1+1 = 2 𝑘𝑚.
The vector 𝑪 is directed due east.
b) Here, the vectors are opposite,

so 𝐶 = 𝐴 – 𝐵 = 1-1=0.
c) From the Pythagorean theorem:
Example 2:
Adding and Subtracting Vectors
• Adding vectors using components:
1. Find the components of each vector to be
added.
2. Add the 𝑥 - and 𝑦 -components separately.
3. Find the resultant vector.
Subtracting vectors
• The negative of a vector is a vector of the
same magnitude pointing in the opposite
direction.
Example3: ,
a) Find the components of
b) Find the magnitude of and its angle 𝜃
with respect to the positive 𝑥-axis
Solution
a) Using the equation
=
we can write = Thus = 6, and = 8.
b) From the Pythagorean theorem:

Then
From Figure below, we see that the angle 𝜃
satisfies:
• Then
Multiplying Vector by Scalar
• Multiplying a vector by 3 increases its
magnitude by a factor of 3, but does not change
its direction.
Velocity in Two Dimensions
• In two dimensions, position, velocity, and
acceleration are presented by vectors: motion in
a plane.
• A problem involving motion in a plane is a pair
of one-dimensional motion problems.
• If the displacement in a time interval ∆t is
denoted by the vector, then the average velocity
of the object is parallel to and is given by:
where, then
Example:
An ambulance travels from the hospital 10 𝑘𝑚 due
south in 7 𝑚𝑖𝑛, and then 5 𝑘𝑚 due east in 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛.
Find (a) the final position of the ambulance, (b) its
average velocity
Solution
Acceleration in Two Dimensions
• The average acceleration is defined by :
Example:

Solution
The average acceleration is defined as the velocity
change divided by elapsed time:

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