READINGS IN

PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
Ms. Joyce Marie C. Pahoway
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY
UNIT OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this unit, the students will be able to:

Understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline;

Identify the underlying philosophy and methodology of the field;
Apply the knowledge in historical methods and philosophy in assessing and
analyzing existing historical narratives;
Examine and evaluate the value of historical evidence and sources critically; and
Appraise the importance of history in the social and national life of the
Philippines.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY
LESSON 1: Meaning of History
Definition and Subject Matter
Issues and Questions
LESSON 2: History and the Historian
Who Qualifies as a Historian?
Tasks of Historians
The objectivity of the Historian
LESSON 3: Historical Sources
Classification of Historical Sources
External and Internal Criticism of Primary Sources
LESSON 4: Philippine Historiography
History of Philippine History
LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

- Define history and trace its development as a field of study;

- Examine the issues surrounding the historical discipline; and
- Evaluate the importance and function of history.
LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY
“HISTORY OF HISTORY”
o History was derived from the Greek word historia, which
means knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation.

o Historia became known as the account of the past of a

person or a group of people through written documents and
historical evidence.

o History is a discipline or a field of study and investigation

that is primarily concerned with human activities done in the
past.
LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY

MEANING IN THREE DIMENSIONS:

o History is focus on human activities;
o History as an inquiry;
o History is concerned with the past.

“answering the question of why”

LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY

Father of History
 Herodotus

Father of Scientific History

 Thucydides
LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY
ISSUES AND QUESTIONS
Positivism
 is an essential philosophy that would serve as
a vital anchor of the scientific method.
 for an idea to be real, it must be verified with
sensory experience.

“no document, no history”

LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY
ISSUES AND QUESTIONS
Historiography
 History of history
 The study of history as a historical discipline
 To have a better and deeper understanding of
the past.
LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY
ISSUES AND QUESTIONS
Historicism
 The belief that history should be studied only
for its own sake.
 That the task of the historian should be to
bring the past back to life.
“merely to show how things actually were” - Leopold von Ranke
LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY
LESSON SUMMARY:
 History is the study of human activities in the past.
This definition makes history a unique discipline.
 The meaning and characteristics of history
changed from the ancient period to the present.
These changes were independent on the purposes
that history served.
LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY

LESSON SUMMARY:
 History is a scientific discipline that relies on the
different sources.
 Several issues revolve around the meaning and
function of history as a discipline. These issues
relate to different aspects of the discipline, such as
meaning, method, and use.
LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY
ACTIVITY 1: HISTORICAL BIRTHDAY
The class will be divided into groups with three to
five members each. Students who have birthdates
closest to one another will belong to one group.
Students will do a quick Internet search of events
that happened on the date of their birth. The group
will then create a timeline of their birthdays with
corresponding historical events, and present timeline
LESSON 2: HISTORY and the HISTORIAN
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

- Examine the historian’s role in the production of historical

knowledge;
- Consider the challenges that confront historians in the
conduct of their job;
- Differentiate history as a profession vis-à-vis other meanings
of history; and
- Identify how historical interpretation is affected by factors like
bias and subjectivity.
LESSON 2: HISTORY and the HISTORIAN
WHO QUALIFIES AS A HISTORIAN?
- History is taught and studied in schools; thus, teachers are
commonly regarded as “experts” of history.
- Historian is obscure and strange image for those who did not
have the chance to have a closer study of history.
- Nevertheless, all of the historical knowledge that we study
and utilize at present are products of meticulous research
done by historians who dedicated their intellect and skills in
writing history.
LESSON 2: HISTORY and the HISTORIAN
WHO QUALIFIES AS A HISTORIAN?

“A historian is someone
who continuously pursues
historical knowledge.”
LESSON 2: HISTORY and the HISTORIAN

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A
HISTORIAN & A STUDENT OF
HISTORY?
LESSON 2: HISTORY and the HISTORIAN
TASKS OF HISTORIANS
- Historians are needed to examine and interpret them through
sources that survived through time.

- To convert historical sources to historical knowledge.

- The historian’s interests and life’s work are inevitably influenced

by various factors such as nationality, political ideology, religion,
educational background, and overall experiences.

“Historical sources cannot speak for themselves”

LESSON 2: HISTORY and the HISTORIAN
OBJECTIVITY OF THE HISTORIAN
“Facts cannot speak for themselves”
- Historian’s job to interpret these facts.

- Historical methodology consists of certain techniques and rules

that historians follow to properly collect and select sources and
historical evidences.

- Central to the creation of historical knowledge.

LESSON 2: HISTORY and the HISTORIAN
OBJECTIVITY OF THE HISTORIAN

“HISTORY IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF

INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HISTORIAN
AND HIS FACTS, AS UNENDING DIALOGUE
BETWEEN THE PRESENT AND THE PAST.”
–Edward Hallert Carr
LESSON 3: HISTORICAL SOURCES
ICE BREAKER: Primary Sources in Your Pockets
The students will form a small group in class. Each group shall
pick a person who would be hypothetically dead. The rest of the
group will try writing about that person’s life history using the
sources found in their wallets and bags such as IDs, photographs,
receipts, etc. The owner cannot participate in the discussion since
the person is supposedly dead. The group will present their
narrative before the class and the “dead” person will come back to
life and confirm whether group mates presented an accurate
narrative or not.
LESSON 3: HISTORICAL SOURCES
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

 Differentiate between primary and secondary sources

 Distinguish the importance of both types of sources
 Demonstrate the ability to conduct external and internal
criticisms
 Relate the methods of external and internal criticism to
the goal of identifying historical truth and avoiding false
historical claims.
LESSON 3: HISTORICAL SOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
PRIMARY SOURCES
- historical sources that were produced and created in the
same period as the historical subject being studied.

SECONDARY SOURCES
- Historical works that were written and produced through
the use of primary sources
LESSON 3: HISTORICAL SOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
- The kind of criticism done to establish the authenticity of
a primary source.

INTERNAL CRITICISM
- The kind of criticism employed in analyzing the content of
a primary source.
LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:

 Describe and trace the development of history as a

discipline in the Philippines
 Relate how historical context influences the way history is
written and interpreted
 Differentiate the way colonizers and Filipinos perceive
history at different periods.
LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
KEY CONCEPTS
Kasaysayan- narrative of the past that has a significance
to the community where it belongs.

Nationalist historiography- history that is focused on the

masses and not on the colonizers.

Pantayong Pananaw- the philosophical anchor of bagong

kasaysayan. It emphasizes the need to foster an internal
discourse among the masses in writing their history.
LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
“THINKING ABOUT THINKING”
Historiography is both philosophical and
scientific.

Historian as the primary agent of historical

knowledge.
LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 KASAYSAYAN IN ANCIENT PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 SPANISH HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES
 THE HISTORY OF THE ILUSTRADOS AND THE KATIPUNAN
 AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE PHILIPPINES
 PHILIPPINE NATIONALIST HISTORIOGRAPHY
 PANTAYONG PANANAW AND BAGONG KASAYSAYAN
LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
 KASAYSAYAN IN ANCIENT PHILIPPINE HISTORY
The ancient concept of kasaysayan does not only refer to
records of the past experiences, but also to broader stories
significant to the communities such as their experiences,
legends and epics that reflect belief, norms, and their
culture.
LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
 SPANISH HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES
The Spanish colonizers viewed
Philippine history as divided into two
parts: the period of darkness and the
period of light.
LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
 THE HISTORY OF THE ILUSTRADOS AND THE KATIPUNAN
The propagandistas and the Katipuneros held a tripartite
view of history. The first period was a period of
prosperity, the second period brought about by
colonization was a period of darkness, and the period after
colonization will be a period of freedom and redemption.
LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
 AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Benevolent assimilation- The assimilation of a
group of foreigners by absorbing them into a new
culture, with the primary stated reason being that it
is an act of benevolence.
LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
 PHILIPPINE NATIONALIST HISTORIOGRAPHY
Nationalist historiography emerged as a reaction
to the colonial interpretation of history.
Nationalist historians aimed at placing the
masses at the center of history.
LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
 PANTAYONG PANANAW AND BAGONG KASAYSAYAN
Pantayong pananaw is a philosophical guide of
bagong kasaysayan. It underscores the importance
of fostering internal dialogue among the people in
writing and teaching history. To use Filipino
language to reach wider audiences.
LESSON 5: EARLY PHILIPPINE SOCIETY AND FIRST SPANISH
CONTACT

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA’S
FIRST VOYAGE AROUND
THE WORLD BY
MAGELLAN
THANK YOU!