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Unit I

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ESTIMATING
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Estimation 2

 Anticipated Cost or Probable Cost

 Calculation of various items of engineering works.
Valuation 3

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 To know Present Worth of the Structure.
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Purpose 4

 To know Probable cost based on Plans, Drawings and

current rates.
 To obtain administrative approval and technical sanction
 To know the requirements of tools, plants and
equipment's
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Purpose 5

 To fix up the completion period

 To invite tenders
 To know the value of property.
Types of Estimates 6

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1. Approximate Estimates
1. Plinth Area Estimate
2. Cubic Rate Estimate
3. Service Unit Estimate
4. Approximate Quantity Method
2. Detailed Estimates
3. Revised Estimate
4. Supplementary Estimate
5. Supplementary & Revised Estimate
6. Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate
Approximate Estimate 7

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 Rough Estimate – Short Time.
 Estimate based on Actual Cost of Similar Existing Structure.
 Less Skill & Less time is required.
Purpose 8

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 To know Feasibility of Project
 To obtain Administrative Approval
 For Planning the Project
 To know Benefit Cost Ratio
 Investment – To See Investment is justified or not
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Plinth Area Estimate 9

 Plinth area of building

 Rates are obtained from similar building having similar
specification, heights and construction in locality.
 Approximate Cost = Plinth Area X Plinth area rate
 Plinth Area = Taking External dimensions of the building at the
floor level, open area not included.
 For Storied building – Each Storey separate P.A. Estimate
Cubic Content Method 10

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 The Volume or Cubic Content of the proposed building is
worked out.
 Approx. Cost = Volume of the building x Rate per
volume
 Length & Breadth @ Floor Level, Height from floor level to
top of roof
 For Storeyed Structure Height should be between floor level of
one storey to next higher storey.
 Foundation , Pllinth & Parapet above roof not taken into
account.
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Service Unit Method 11

 All cost of a unit quantity Calculated.

 Approx. Cost = No. of service unit x Cost/Service unit

Per Km Highway
Per Meter Bridge
Per Classroom School Building
Per Bed Hospital
Per Liter Water Tanks
Per Seat Cinema
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Approximate Quantity 12

 Total Length of Wall – Running Meter

 Total Length X Rate/ running Meter = Approx. Price
 Two Parts
 Foundation Including Plinth
 Superstructure
 The approx. quantity of Excavation, foundation, brickwork up
to plinth & DPC are calculated first
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Detailed Estimate 13

 Working out the Quantities of Each Items of Works.

 Length , Breadth, Depth of Each item – Drawing
 Quantities of each item calculated abstracting billing is done.
1. Details of Measurement and Calculation of Quantities.
2. Abstract
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 Calculation of quantities using Details of measurement 14
form, as below:
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 Calculation of cost using, Abstract of estimated cost 15
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Revised Estimate 16

 Detailed Estimate
 When Original Sanctioned Estimate is exceeded or likely to exceed
by more than 5 %.
 When there is material deviation from the original Proposal.
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Supplementary Estimate 17

 Detailed Estimate
 Additional works are required to supplement the original work.
 Further development is required during the progress of the work.
 Fresh Detailed Estimate
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Supplementary & Revised 18

Estimate
 Work is Partially abandoned & estimated cost of the remaining
work is less than 95% of the original work.
 When there is material deviation / Changes in Design- Causes
Substantial Saving in Estimate
 Original Estimate is Revised.
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Annual Repair / Maintenance 19

Estimate
 Detailed Estimate
 Maintain the structure work in proper order and safe condition
 Building – White washing , Color Washing, Painting, Minor
Repairs.
 Road Works – Patches, Repairs, Repairs of Bridges and Culverts.
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20
Data Required for Preparation of
Estimate
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Data Required For Preparation 21

of Estimates
1. Complete & Fully Dimensional Plans & sections of the
work
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Data Required For Preparation 22

of Estimates
2. Detailed Specifications – Nature, Class & materials to be
used.
3. Rates for Calculating Abstract of Cost. (Approve Ones)
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Item of Work 23

 Items are usually classified and grouped sub-head wise.

 Principle of following order of construction from foundation to
upward direction is followed there is little chance of omission of
items.
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Item of Work 24

1. Excavation
2. Concrete in Foundation
3. Soling
4. Damp Proof Course
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Item of Work 25

5. Masonry work
6. Arch Masonry Work
7. Lintels over openings
8. RCC Work
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Item of Work 26

9. Flooring & Roofing

10. Plastering and Pointing
11. Cornice
12. Pillars
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Item of Work 27

13. Doors and Windows

14. Wood Work
15. Iron Work
16. White Washing
17. Painting
Units of Measurement 28

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 Units of Measurement – Works - Nature, Size and Shape.
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Units of Measurement – 29

Principle
Mass, Voluminous and thick Cubic Units Length, Breadth,
Works Height/ Depth
Shallow , Thin & Surface Works Square Units Length & Breadth
Long & thin work Linear/ Running unit Linear
Measurement
Piece of work, Job work Numbers Numbers
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Units of Measurement 30
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Units of Measurement 31
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Units of Measurement 32
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Important Points 33

1. Fully dimensioned plans to avoid complications

2. Estimate should be drawn Head wise
3. Nomenclature of every item should be according to
sanctioned schedule of rates
4. All items should be calculated in units, according to which
payment is to be made.
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Important Points 34

5. Detailed Drawings should be attached with detailed estimate

with north line on the plan.
6. Detailed specifications of every item should be attached so
that work should be carried out accordingly.
7. Provision of Electric and Water Supply Should be made.
8. Abstract Sheet giving cost of sub head and total cost should
be attached with contingencies and work establishment
charges @ 5% should be added.
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Important Points 35

9. Rate per Sq. m should be worked out at the end- Future

reference
10. Road Estimate- rate per Km should be worked out.
Introduction to Components of 36

Estimates

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 Face Sheet
 Abstract Sheet
 Measurement Sheet
 Rate Analysis
 Lead & Lift
 Provisional Sum
 Prime Cost
 Contingencies
 Work Charged Establishement
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Face Sheet 37

 A one page summary of the important points

 Any Cover Sheet to an multipage document that
contains the relevant points covered in the document.
Abstract Sheet 38

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 Cost of each item of work is calculated in a
tabular form from the quantities already computed
and total cost is worked out in Abstract of
Estimate Form
 The rates of different items of work are taken as
per schedule of rates or current workable rates or
analysed rate for finished items of work.
Face Sheet 39

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Measurement Sheet 40

 The whole work is divided into different items of work.

 Items are classified and grouped under different sub heads
 Detail measurement of each items of work are taken out.
 Quantities calculated in prescribed form.
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Rate Analysis 42

 The determination of rate per unit of a particular item of

work From –
 The cost of quantities of materials,
 The cost of labourers,
 Other miscellaneous expenses required
 For completion of work is known as Rate Analysis.
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Rate Analysis Contd.. 43

 Reasonable profit – 10 % - Contractor

 Rates of Materials – Rates delivered at the site of work –
First cost, Cost of Transport, Taxes if any
 Materials are to be carried from distance place more than 8
kms the cost of the transport can be added
 Rates of materials will vary place to place
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Lead 44

 The lead for disposal / deposition of excavated materials

shall be as specified in the respective item of work.
 For the purpose of measurements of lead, the area to be
excavated or filled or area on which excavated material
is to be deposited/ disposed off shall be divided in
suitable blocks and for each of the block, the distance
between center lines shall be taken as the leads which
shall be measured by the shortest straight line route on
the plan and not the actual route adopted.
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Lift 45

 Lift shall be measured from ground level. Excavation up to 1.5m

depth below ground level and depositing excavated material on
the ground shall be included in the item of earthwork for various
kinds of soil.
 Extra lift shall be measured in unit of 1.5m or part thereof.
Obvious lift shall only be measured that is lifts inherent in the
lead due to ground slope shall not be measured, except for lead
up to 250m.
 All excavation shall be measured in successive stages of 1.5m
stating the commencing level.
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Provisional Sum 46

 Amount Provided in the Estimate and Bill of Quantities –

For Specialized Work
 Specialized Work - Details are not known at the time of
Preparing Estimates.
 Examples – Installation of Refrigerating machine,
Installation of Lift, Air Conditioning etc
 Full Information at the time of preparing Estimate may
not be known.
 It is installed by Specialized Firm.
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Provisional Sum 47

 A Reasonable amount is provided in the estimate and bill of

the quantities of contracts as Provisional Sum.
 The items of work under Provisional Sum or Prime Cost
known as Provisional Sum Item and Prime Cost Item .
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Prime Cost 48

 Actual Cost of articles at shop and refers to the supply of

articles only and not to the carrying out of work.
 It is not always possible at the time of prepaing estimate and
even when entering contract to specify exactly the types of
articles required.
 Examples – Water Supply Fittings, Sanitary Fittings, Door and
Window Fittings- are decided during the time of actual fitting
according to the choice of the owner / Engineer in charge.
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Prime Cost Contd… 49

 For execution of such items a reasonable amount is kept

in the estimate as prime cost and same is also provided in
bill of quantities.
 The Price to be paid to the contractor for prime cost
articles will be actual price paid by him to the merchants,
ignoring any cash discount which he might have received.
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Contingencies 50

 Incidental Expenses
 Can’t be classified under any distinct item of sub head
 3 to 5% Estimated Cost
 Saving – Utilsed for extra item of work
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Work Charged Establishment 51

 Work Supervisors, Chaukidars during Construction.

 Salary From Work Charged Establishment
 1.5 % to 2.0 % Estimated Cost
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Centage Charges 52

 Engg. Department takes up work of other department a

percentage of 10 % to 15 % of Estimated Cost.
 Charged to meet Expenses of Establishment, Designing,
Planning, Supervision etc
 Centage Charges = Work of Central Government is
undertaken for Execution.
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