1.

WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Natural wood has certain properties that make it an
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification attractive building material:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration • Natural warmth - to the touch; wood insulates
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment • Workability, easily shaped with simple tools
• Infinite variety; no two trees, or even pieces from the
same tree, are alike
• strength-to-weight ratio for bridges, boats, homes,
furniture
• Flexibility; watch how huge trees bend before the wind
• Fire protection; wood chars and therefore burns slowly,
doesn’t melt or crumble
• Color: natural, through wood’s ability to receive many
types of stains and finishes
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.01 CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Woods are generally classified into:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
a. Softwoods come from the conifers (evergreens)
2.04 Deterioration which have needles instead of leaves, e.g. pine
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
b. Hardwoods come from the broad-leaved or
deciduous trees. Most Philippine timber are of this
latter kind

The terms “hardwood” and “softwood” are often

misleading because they have no direct relation to the
actual physical hardness or softness of the wood, so
that a hardwood may actually be softer than a
softwood.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.02 STRUCTURE OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
a. Sapwood
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - is the softer, younger outer portion
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration of a tree that lies between the
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
cambium (formative layer just under
the bark) and the heartwood.

- It is more permeable, less durable

and usually lighter in color than the
heartwood.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.02 STRUCTURE OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
a. Sapwood
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - the portion of the log near
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration the periphery which is
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
generally lighter in color
than the central portion.

- contains living cells and

takes an active part in the
life process of a tree.

- Because it contains more

organic matter than the
central core of the log, it
is more susceptible to
blueing fungi and wood-
boring insects, and is not
durable.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.02 STRUCTURE OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
b. Heartwood
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - the older, harder central
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration portion of a tree.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
- usually contains deposits
of various materials that
frequently give it a darker
color than sapwood.

- is denser, less permeable

and more durable than
the surrounding sapwood.

- The central core of the

log, it is composed of
inactive cells and serves
only as a mechanical
support
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.03 PROPERTIES OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER a. Hardness. This is measured by the compression
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure which a piece of timber undergoes when a weight
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
is applied to it.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatent
b. Flexibility. The amount of piece will bend before
breaking . Softwoods are generally brittle while
most hardwoods are flexible.

c. Strength

d. Durability.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.04 DEFECTS OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER a. Decay – Caused by the attack
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure of fungi.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
b. Checks –Cracks or lengthwise
separation across the annual
rings of growth caused by
irregular shrinkage during DECAY
drying. Checks are formed
when the circumference
shrinks more than the interior
section of the log.

c. Shakes – These are cracks SHAKES

between and parallel to the

annual rings of the growth.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.04 DEFECTS OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER d. Knots – These are irregular
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure growths in the body of a tree
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
which interrupt the smooth
2.05 Preservation curve of the grain. The fibers of
2.06 Treatment
the tree are turned from their
normal course and grow around
the knot at that point of the tree.

e. Pitchpockets – These are well- KNOTS

defined openings between

annual rings containing solid or
liquid pitch.

f. Wane – This is the lack of wood

on the edge or corner of a
piece. PITCHPOCKETS
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.04 DEFECTS OF WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods g. Warping - Any variation with
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification the plane surface of the piece
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
caused by unequal shrinkage
2.04 Deterioration of the board. There are
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment several forms of warp:
Crook –a distortion of the board
in which the edge is convex or
concave longitudinal.
Bow –a distortion of the
board in which the face is
convex or concave
longitudinal.
Cup –a distortion of the board
in which the face is convex or
concave across the board.
Twist –a distortion of the board
in which one corner is raised.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.05 METHODS OF SAWING WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods A log of wood can be cut in two different ways to make
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification lumber:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration a. Plainsawing
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
refers to lumber cut tangent to the annual rings or growth
or, in commercial practice, cut with annual rings at an angle
0 to 45.

Plainsawn lumber is preferable when a pleasing pattern is

required, as in wall paneling.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 1.05 METHODS OF SAWING WOOD
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
b. Quartersawing
2.01 Classification refers to wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning parallel to the rays or, in commercial practice, cut with the
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation annual growth rings at an angle 45 to 90.
2.06 Treatment

Quartersawn lumber is desirable because it has less

shrinkage than plainsawn lumber, and this is important
where joints must be kept tight.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.01 CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Wood that is used in construction is called LUMBER.
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
Lumber is classified by its size or dimensions measured
2.04 Deterioration in inches, for example, a piece of lumber measuring 2
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment inches by 4 inches is called 2 x 4.

Generally, they are available in even-numbered widths:

4, 6, 8, 10,12 inches.

There are four available classifications of lumber:

a. Strips. Lumber less than 2” thick and less than 8”
wide.
b. Board Lumber. Pieces less than 2” thick and at
least 8” wide.
c. Dimension Lumber. Pieces more than 2” and less
than 5” in any dimension.
d. Timbers. Pieces 5” or more on the smallest
dimension
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.01 CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER The two most common classifications are
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - Dimension Lumber and
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration - Board Lumber.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
It is important to realize that the stated size of lumber is
not its actual finished size.

Nominal size is the size of lumber when it is cut from the

log. After cutting, the lumber is dried and then planed on
all four sides to achieve smoothness. The finished size is
therefore smaller.

STRIP LUMBER DIMENSION LUMBER

1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.01 CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL SIZE
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure For Dimension Lumber:
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation 2 x 4 1½ x 3½
2.06 Treatment
2 x 6 1½ x 5½

2 x 8 1½ x 7½

2 x 10 1½ x 8½

2 x 12 1½ x 11½

For Board Lumber:

1 x 4 ¾ x 3½

1 x 6 ¾ x 5½

1 x 8 ¾ x 7½

1 x 10 ¾ x 9½

1 x 12 ¾ x 11½
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.02 MEASUREMENT OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
Lumber is sold in lengths from 6’ up to 20’ in increments
2.01 Classification of 2’. Special lengths greater than 20’ are also available
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning but cost more per board foot than the standard lengths.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment Lumber measure is the board foot which may be
described as the measure of a piece of wood 1” thick,
12” (or 1’) wide and 12” (or 1’) long.

Board Feet = Thickness (in.) x Width (in.) x Length (ft.)

12
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.02 MEASUREMENT OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
Examples:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning Compute the number of board feet in (a) a piece of ¾” x
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation 8” x 10’; (b) 10 pcs. of 2” x 6” x 14’; (c) 5 pcs. of 1” x 4” x
2.06 Treatment
10’
1 x 1 x 8 x 10 = 6-2/3 or 7 bd. ft.
12
10 x 2 x 6 x 14 = 140 bd. ft.
12
5 x 1 x 4 x 10 = 16 – 2/3 or 17 bd. ft.
12

All lumber is sized according to its rough dimensions as

it comes from the saw, its size, however, is reduced
after being surfaced or dressed by a planer.
Thus, for example, 2 x 4 surfaced on four sides
(S4S) will only be 1-3/4 x 3-3/4. Dressed lumber costs
slightly more than rough.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
Moisture has a big influence on the behavior and
2.01 Classification properties of wood. While water has been in wood
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning since its formation, yet after a tree is cut, water
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation becomes detrimental to it. It makes wood liable to the
2.06 Treatment
attack of insects and fungi and unfit for use.

Water occurs in wood as free water found in cell

cavities and intercellular spaces of the wood, and as
absorbed or hygroscopic water held in the cell walls.
When surface moisture of wood comes in contact with
the air, it evaporates. The water equilibrium in the log
is upset and moisture from the interior travels towards
the surface.

This is the beginning of the drying of wood in the log.

The free water passes out first before the absorbed
water in the cell wall vaporizes.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER When all free water is removed but all absorbed water
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure remains, the so-called “fiber-saturation point”
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
(approximately 30% moisture content (M.C.) for all
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
species) is reached.

Shrinkage of the wood occurs at moisture content

percentages below the fiber saturation point.

The drying of the wood continues until the vapor

pressure in the air just balances the vapor pressure
on the wood surface.

This condition of dryness of the wood is called

“equilibrium moisture content” (E.M.C.) and in the
Philippines this is equivalent to from 12 to 16 percent
moisture content.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
The process of removing moisture from green wood
2.01 Classification (wood from freshly-cut logs) is called seasoning.
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning Seasoning may done by:
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment a. AIR-DRYING in which the lumber is exposed to the air.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
b. KILN-DRYING in which warm moist air or superheated
2.01 Classification steam is used to heat the wood and drive out moisture.
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation The ideal condition in seasoning is for the moisture
2.06 Treatment
from the interior of the wood to replace the surface
moisture which vaporizes. When the moisture from the
surface escapes faster than that which travels from the
interior to the surface, then there is equal drying in the
board and if the difference in moisture content is big,
shrinkage and then stress in the wood develops,
causing seasoning checks.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Seasoned lumber has many advantages over green
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification lumber:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning a. It lessens the liability of the wood to be attacked by the
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation fungi causing blueing and decay, and by some wood-
2.06 Treatment
boring insects.
b. Reduction of weight.
c. Increased strength.
d. Minimum shrinkage after the lumber is in place (thus
avoids opening up of joints in doors, windows, siding,
etc.).
e. Reduced checking and warping.
f. Increased nail-holding power of the wood (nails do not
hold well when driven into green or unseasoned lumber
because of its softness).

g. Improvement of the wood for the application of paint

and to receive wood preservatives, fire retardants.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
The advantages of kiln-drying over air-drying are:
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning a. Greater reduction in weight.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
b. Control of moisture content to any desired value.

c. Reduction in drying time.

d. Killing of any fungi or insects.

e. Setting the resins in resinous wood.

f. Less degrade (Degrade is the loss in quality during

seasoning of the lumber through unequal shrinkage
which causes checks and loosening of knots,
warping).
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.04 DETERIORATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Decay
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure Molds, stains and decay in
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration wood are caused by fungi. Their
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
growth depends on mild
temperatures and dampness.
Most decay occurs in wood with
a moisture content above the
fiber saturation point. Usually
wood maintained at 20% M.C.
or less is safe from fungus
damage.

Wood that is constantly under water or continuously

dry will not decay. Care should be taken not to use
wood where moisture can collect and remain.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.04 DETERIORATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Insects
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure There are several types of insects that attack wood:
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation • Subterranean termites which live in the ground and
2.06 Treatment
build earthen tubes to reach their food – cellulose
which includes wood primarily but also paper and
pulp products. The channels formed as they eat all
the wood substance tends to follow the grain.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.04 DETERIORATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Insects
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure • Subterranean termites
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation In general, a complete barrier must be made
2.06 Treatment between the wood and possible earthen tubes of the
termites by:

 installing a shield made of metal or special

termite-proof materials.

 Termite proofing the wood used for construction

close to earth;

 Poisoning the soil adjacent to the building.

It is good practice to make a periodic check around

the building and under it for evidence of termites such
as earthen tubes. If signs of termites are noted,
immediate destruction of the tubes and poisoning of
the surrounding earth is necessary.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.04 DETERIORATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Insects
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure • Non-Subterranean termites
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation The only relatively permanent method of arresting
2.06 Treatment attack is to use lumber that has been given full-
length termite proofing with wood preservatives.
Attention to structural features and sanitation are
also important.

• Carpenter Ants and Powder-Pest Beetles

use wood for shelter rather than for food, but if they
are not found and are left undisturbed they can do
extensive damage. They convert wood to powder,
shredded fibers or pellets. Their channels are likely
to cut across the grain. The damage to wood by the
various marine organisms, mollusks and
crustaceans in salt water or brackish water is best
arrested by heavy, thorough treatment with coal-tar
creosote or creosote-coal tar solutions.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Wood can be treated to prevent or at least delay
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification destruction by fungi, insects, bacteria, marine organisms,
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning and fire.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment Wood preservatives used to forestall attack by decay,
fungi, harmful insects and marine borers are divided into
two general groups

a. Oil-Type Wood Preservatives

• Coal-tar creosotes.
Black or brownish oil made
from distilling coal tar.
Advantages are: highly toxicity
to wood-destroying
organisms; insolubility in
water; ease of application.
Disadvantages are its strong,
unpleasant odor, cannot be
painted, easily ignited when
first applied .
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Oil-Type Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
• Creosotes derived from wood, oil, and water gas.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration Has same advantages as coal-tar creosote but is
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment less effective .
• Creosotes solutions
a mixture of coal-tar or petroleum oils and 50 to 80%
by volume of coal-tar creosotes.
Has same advantages as coal-tar creosotes but is
less effective
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Oil-Type Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
• Pentachlorophenol
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration a mixture of petroleum oils and 5%
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment pentachlorophenol.
Has high protection against decay fungi and
termites; can be painted; has no unpleasant odor;
is less easily ignited than coal-tar creosotes.
Provide less protection against marine borers.
Pentachlorophenol is also dissolved in oil, leaving a
clean brown-colored surface. It was used
extensively for lumber and posts when introduced
in the 1930s, but now is specified almost
exclusively for the treatment of utility poles and
cross arms.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Water-borne Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
• Chromated Zinc Chloride (CZC)
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration Gives protection against decay, insects and fire;
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment can be painted on; has no objectionable odor.
Disadvantages are: wood cannot be used in
contact with the ground or water
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Water-borne Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure • Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation • Ammoniacal Copper Arsenate (ACA)
2.06 Treatment

CCA and ACA are dissolved in water for pressure

treating, producing a product that is clean and
odorless.
Both preservatives bond with the wood after
pressure treating in a chemical process known as
fixation, producing treated wood that is highly
leach-resistant and safe to use in applications with
regular human contact.
Provides good protection against decay and
insects; can painted on; has no objectionable odor.
Wood can be used in contact with the ground but
generally recommended for contact with water.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Water-borne Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning Preservative Applications
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation Creosote Railway ties, mine timbers, poles,
2.06 Treatment
foundation piles, marine piles and
bulkheads
Pentachlorophenol Utility poles, cross arms, bridge timbers
and ties
ACA Piles, utility poles, marine timbers,
construction lumber
CCA Guide rail posts, utility poles, bridge
timbers, piles, structural glued-laminated
timbers, landscape timbers, posts,
boardwalks, permanent wood
foundations and residential construction,
decking and fencing
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods The methods of applying preservatives are:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
a. Pressure treatment. Consists in placing the
2.03 Seasoning wood in cylinders into which the preservative is
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation pumped under pressure
2.06 Treatment

b. Hot and Cold Bath Method. This consists first in

placing the wood in a bath of hot preservative for
an hour or more. It is then withdrawn and quickly
placed in a bath of cold preservative. This is
generally used for creosote preservative

c. Dipping or immersing the wood in a hot

preservative for a short time

d. Brushing
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.06 TREATMENT OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods There are two methods of treating wood to increase its
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification fire-resistance:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning a. Covering the wood with a compound or material.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation Such superficial coatings or layers protective materials
2.06 Treatment
retard the normal increases in temperature under fire
conditions and thereby decrease the rate of flame spread.
This in turn lessens the rate of flame penetration and
therefore the destruction of wood in contact with fire.
Coatings or layers of protective material over the surface
are good only for interior purposes because they are not
durable when exposed to the weather. These are water-
soluble, fire retardant chemicals generally are trade-
marked formulation of ammonium phosphate, borax or
sodium silicate combined with other materials to provide
adherence to the wood, brush-ability, appearance and
color.
There are also chemicals with low water soluble such as
zinc borate, chlorinated paraffin and chlorinated rubber
which are used for fire retardant coatings.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 2.06 TREATMENT OF LUMBER
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER b. Impregnating the wood with a chemical which the
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure wood itself not support combustion. The chemicals
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
commonly used for impregnation are:
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment - monobasic ammonium phosphate
- dibasic ammonium phosphate
- ammonium sulfate
- borax, boric acid and
- zinc chloride

PRESSURE TREATED LUMBER AND PLYWOOD:

WOLMANIZED Lumber and Plywood
Preservative : Wolman salts.
TANALIZED Lumber and Plywood
Preservative - Tanalith G Wood Preservative salts.
PERMANIZED Lumber and Plywood
Preservative – B-S-25.
BOLIDEN Lumber and Plywood.