Patterns of Development

in
Writing across Disciplines
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:
1. familiarize yourself with the different
writing patterns in paragraph development;
2. identify the transitional words and
phrases used in the different writing
patterns;
3. write a short paragraph using certain
writing pattern; and
4. distinguish the uses and the differences
of each writing pattern.
 Narration

Description

The user can demonstrate on a projector or computer, or

Definition
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 Exemplification/
Classification

Comparison
and Contrast

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Cause and
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Effect
 Problem-
Solution

Persuasion

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print the presentation and make it film
Developing one’s reading and writing skills is not easy.
There are learners who can read but are not able to
express themselves
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Title text writingTitlewell. You have
text addition Title texta lot of
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ideas in mind but sometimes you may find it hard to

organize these ideas coherently, however, thegood
thing is that there are many ways on how you can
write effectively.
We have learned in our previous lesson that written text as
connected discourse isformed from spontaneous discreteness that
predetermined its connectedness. It means that the text itself does
not have meaning and its meaning can be determined by their
connectedness.
Title text addition We Title
also textlearned
addition techniques in selecting
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organizing information by identifying relevant and irrelevant ideas or

information.

After learning these skills in organizing information, you must learn

some writingpatterns on how you can develop paragraphs.
 NARRATI
ON
Writing a paragraph involves deep understanding of how one can
achieve well-focused and unified ideas in a composition. For
example, when students are asked to come up with a summary of a
story, they tend to chop parts of the story and put it in their
summary.
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leads to create
addition unrelated
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contribute in the oneness and clarity of one’s summary.

It is important to use strategies developing ideas using a particular

pattern. One of these is through narration. A narrative text contains
the plot which gives direction in making a story
 NARRATI
ONsequential presentation of events plays an
In developing narration,
important role. Signal words help to create unified thought and to
show the transition of events to the next. This leads us to focus on
the use of the action words
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in the story.
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It also helpsTitle
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to text
move the
addition
story and makes the story interesting.
The chronological ordering of events helps to show the reader how
the story moves. Most of the common transitional words are first,
next, then, after and suddenly. Moreover, it is also important to give
specific details in pointing out the direction of the
story
 DESCRIPTI
ON
According to Dayagbil & et al, 2016, the use of
description plays an important role to elucidate the
nature of people, places and things.
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A series of detailed observation about the subject can
help you create a good descriptive paragraph. This
involves the use of adjectives and adverbs in the
paragraph.
 DESCRIPTI
ON
The kind of words we used to describe how your subject looks, sounds, feels,
smells or even tastes like are called sensory languages. It also concerns how
you will arrange the details to provide an image of the scene, the person or the
object you are trying to describe in your text.
There are
Title two types of description.
text addition First is objective
Title text addition description,
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addition
writer presents impartial and actual picture of the subject without biases and
excluding personal impression of the subject just like when you give your
description of an experiment in class. Second is subjective description, where
the writer gives personal impression of what is observed. This is often used in
making fiction stories. For instance, when you are asked to write about a place
you visit during summer vacation, you tend to give your personal judgment of how
you experience the place.
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Previously, you have learned the first two patterns
of development:
Title text addition narration
Title text addition and
Title textdescription.
addition The
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descriptive text portrays events and brings a scene

or object to life in the imagination of the reader.
Meanwhile, a narrative text tells story or events in
chronological order.
 DEFINITIO
N
Definitions provide concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar words and
explain special meanings for familiar words. They are often used to explain
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technical words and concepts. What to define always depends on the needs of
the reader and the purpose of communication. It can be done in either of the
two distinct methods of definition.
 DEFINITIO
N
First, informal definition as either denotation or connotation. Denotation is the
dictionary meaning of the word. For example: Rose is a family of prickly shrub
with pinnate leaves and showy flowers. Meanwhile, connotation is the
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secondary meaning of a word and not necessarily included in the dictionary.
Rather it is how a writer understands a word based on their own personal or
consensual experiences. In the example: A dozen of pink roses is usually
given to their beloved ones. Instead of literally referring to flowers, love and
romance are connoted.
 DEFINITIO
N
Second, formal definition consists of three principal parts: the species (WORD) n
+Genus (CLASS) + Differentiae. The WORD is the name of the object, process, or
concept defined. This is usually followed by “is” and “are” and the CLASS or
general group to which the objects belongs. For example: Skimming (species) is a
readingTitle
technique (class) Title
text addition of allowing the eyes
text addition Titleto travel
text over a Title
addition page textvery quickly,
addition
stopping only here and there to gain an idea (differentiae).

For the expanded or extended definition, the following are common methods used
in paragraph development would be of great help (Filomena T. Dayagabil, Ethel L.
Abao, and Remedios C. Bacus, Critical reading and writing for Senior High
School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, 2016, 43:
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 EXEMPLIFICATION/
CLASSIFICATION
Exemplification (or illustration) is the most common and effective
pattern to explain an idea or point. In developing this kind of
paragraph, the writer develops a general statement –the topic
sentence, with one or more examples to support it.
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Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective

exemplification paragraphs: for instance, namely, to be specify, to
clarify, to illustrate, for example, in short,as an example
 EXEMPLIFICATION/
CLASSIFICATION
On the other hand, classification is used when a writer needs to sort out or
arrange subjects to groups or categories based on their common and
shared characteristics.

Here are
Title some transitional
text addition expressions
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addition effective
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classification paragraphs: classified as, one kind, the last group, another
kind, another, final type, the first category, are categorized as, the next part.
Remember that you can use both exemplification and classification in
developing a paragraph by simply identifying categories on a particular
subject and providing examples or illustration to explain and clarify
meaning.
Classification as pattern of development of writing makes you associate similar
things or process by grouping them into classes or categories. Try this!

Choose the word/s that do/does not belong on each line then write a category
name for
Titleeach group (i.e.Title
text addition rose,textbanana,
addition sunTitle
flower, daisy = banana/flowers).
text addition Title text addition

1. German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Persian Siamese, Siberian Husky

2. on land, by water, by air, by bus
3. carrot, cabbage, radish, onion
4. jazz, rock, pop, ballet
5. Coins, Dollar, Yen, Franc
 Using the Venn diagram, jot down words and phrases showing
similarities and
differences between Junior High School and Senior High School

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 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar while contrast in

writing discusses elements or ideas that are different. A compare-and-
contrast essay, then analyzes two subjects comparing them, contrasting
them, or both. However, its purpose is not to simply state the obvious but
rather Title
to illustrate
text additionsubtle differences
Title text addition or unexpected similarities
Title text addition Title textbetween
addition two
subjects.
As a writer, you should help the readers see how these two ideas are
similar or different by showing them its advantages and disadvantages so
they are able to weigh the pros and cons before they make judgment or
decision.
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 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
There are two common ways to organize comparison/contrast paragraph or
essay. The Block Method is used to compare and contrast two subjects
one at a time. You may begin by saying everything you have to say about
the first subject you are discussing then move on and write everything
about your second
Title text addition subject. If you
Title text are writing
addition a addition
Title text short paragraph
Title text or essay,
addition

you might be able to fit all of your points about each item. However, if you
would want to address one subject at a time, you may use Point-by-point
comparison.
Some cohesive devices you can use in showing similarities are likewise,
similar to, same with, like, in the same manner.
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To show contrast, cue words such as: on the other hand, however, while,
different with, in contrast and the like.
 CAUSE AND EFFECT

We have learned in our previous lesson that the use of comparison and
contrast in developing paragraph is very effective when you want to show
similarities and difference between two ideas. Although a comparison and
contrast essay is set to Title
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demonstrate Title text addition
both Title text addition
similarities as well as differences,
sometimes it only shows similarities, and at other times, only differences.

The next pattern of paragraph development focuses on how you can state
details through giving reasons or results of a topic
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
Cause and Effect is a text development pattern which explains why
something happens.
It also states what results a particular event produces. It usually gives a
statement emphasizing the cause and another emphasizing the effect.
The following guide questions
Title text addition can be used
Title text addition Title for
text cause-effect
addition Titledevelopment:
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 Why did it happen?

 What caused it?
 What does it cause?
 What are its effects?
 How is it related to something else?
 CAUSE AND EFFECT

Further, in developing your texts you can use signal words like as a
consequence of, as a Title
Title text addition resulttext of, because,
addition Titlebecause
text additionof, now
Titlethat and since to
text addition

express cause while accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, and

this resulted in to signify effects.
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

In this lesson, you are expected to plan, structure, and write

interesting and meaningful paragraphs applying the problem-
solution pattern in your
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essays about
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different topics,
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issues or recent developments in various fields.

 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
A problem/solution essay presents a problem, usually
discussing several aspects of theproblem, then concludes by
discussing solutions to the problem. The problem may be
addressed in the following
Title text addition ways: Title text addition
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 PERSUASIVE
Persuasive text can be in the form of an argument, discussion, exposition, review
or even an advertisement.
In developing your own persuasive text, a writer must first state the issue. This
will serve as a background information about the topic. Then, it should be followed by
a clear, restating the main argument of the text will be the end of the text. This will be
your final statement to persuade your readers
rong and
Titlespecific argument.
text addition Title text addition Title text addition Title text addition
An argument is one’s claim or position that can either support or reject the issue
previously stated. Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched evidences,
which will give details on how and why it supports the argument. Evidences can be
factual, logical, statistical or anecdotal in nature. It can also explain counter-
arguments not because the writer wants to prove which claims are wrong or right but
to enlighten the readers about other positions.
Lastly, a conclusion
 PERSUASIVE
Activities
WriteTitle
a text
persuasive
addition
text to encourage
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incoming senior
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high
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school to choose the strand you are enrolled in. The rubric in the
previous activity may still be used for this writing
task
THANK YOU