EMI C-2 GROUP-5

PRESENTATION IEC2021022 - Ribhav Bansal

IEC2021023 - Prathmesh Waghmare
Topics: IEC2021024 - Kartikey Singh

Transducers IEC2021025 - Abhishek Kumar

Strain Gauge IEC2021026 - Rakesh Reddy
RTD
Basic Concepts of Transducers
A transducer is a device that transforms a signal
from one energy form to another energy form. One
example is a speaker, which converts an amplifier's
electrical energy into sound waves or mechanical
energy. Energy forms consist of (but are not
confined to) mechanical, electrical, chemical,
electromagnetic, thermal and acoustic energy.
Even though the term transducer normally indicates
the use of a sensor/detector, any device that
transforms energy can be considered a transducer.
A transducer is commonly used in measuring
devices.
Working Principle of Transducer
Types of Transducers

➢ Electrochemical Transducer - Battery

➢ Micro-Electrochemical Transducers
- Micro-sized batteries
➢ Electromechanical Transducers
- Generators , Galvanometer
➢ Photoelectric Transducer
➢ Thermoelectric Transducer
Scope of Transducers
❖ A transducer measures load on the engines
❖ Transducers are used in an ultrasound machine.
❖ The transducers in a speaker convert electrical signals into acoustic sound.
❖ A transducer is used in the antenna to convert electromagnetic waves into an
electrical signal.
❖ The attenuation and amplification of the electrical signals are very easy.
❖ The electrical signals produces less friction error.
Advantage of Transduces

❖ The power requirement of the transducer is very small. The electrical

system can be controlled with a very small level of power.
❖ The electrical output of the transducer can be easily used, transmitted and
also easily processed for the purpose of measurement.
❖ The output can be indicated and must be recorded remotely from the
sensing element.
❖ It converts the temperature of the devices into an electrical signal or
mechanical work.
Disadvantage of transducers

❖ Can be expensive when associated with the signal conditioner.

❖ While designing the circuit the effects of aging and also drifts of
parameters of active components must be considered. This makes the
design is too much complicated
❖ Transducers are sometimes mechanically unstable.
❖ Specific problems for various systems will have to be addressed separately and
properly.
Strain Gauge

A strain gauge is a resistor used to measure strain on an

object. When an external force is applied on an object, due
to which there is a deformation occurs in the shape of the
object. This deformation in the shape is both compressive
or tensile is called strain, and it is measured by the strain
gauge.
Working of Strain gauge

In this circuit, R1 and R3 are the ratio arms equal

to each other, and R2 is the rheostat arm has a
value equal to the strain gage resistance. When
the gauge is unstrained, the bridge is balanced,
and voltmeter shows zero value. As there is a
change in resistance of strain gauge, the bridge
gets unbalanced and producing an indication at
the voltmeter.
Temperature variation

Most of the strain gauges are made of alloy which

cancel out the effect of temperature on the resistance.
But some strain gauges are not of an alloy.
Whenever temperature changes, the resistance will
change in the same proportion in the both arms of the
rheostat, and the bridge remains in the state of balance.
Effect of temperature get nullifies. It is good to keep
voltage low so that the self-heating of strain gauge
could be evaded. Self-heating of gauge depends upon its
mechanical behavior.
Advantages

➢ There is no moving part and hence no wear.

➢ Strain gauges are very precise.
➢ It is small and inexpensive.
➢ Produce accurate measurements of the strain at a point on a component.
➢ Can be used in service for constant monitoring of critical components during their
lifetime
Disadvantages

➢ It is non-linear
➢ It is very sensitive to temperature.
➢ It needs to be calibrated regularly
➢ Strain gauges have to be applied manually. Putting them in their place consuming
and costly. It is one of their biggest disadvantages.
➢ Strain gauges measure strain in only one direction, a single strain gauge is often
referred to as an axial gauge which is short for uniaxial gauge and reflects its
sensitivity of the strain in one direction only.
Scope of Strain Gauge

● In the field of mechanical engineering development.

● To measure the stress generated by machinery.
● In the field of component testing of aircraft like; linkages,
structural damage etc.
● Strain gauges are used to measure displacement, force, load,
pressure, torque or weight.
Resistor Temperature Detector (RTD)

❖ Resistance Thermometers are the Sensors used to measure Temperature by

Comparing the Resistance of the RTD element with Temperature.
❖ RTD converts the Temperature into the Electrical Resistance, which can be measured
using the Wheatstone Bridge.
Scope of RTD

❖Air conditioning and Refrigeration

❖Food Processing
❖Stoves and grills
❖Textile production
❖Plastics processing
❖Petrochemical processing
❖Air, gas and liquid temperature measurement
❖Exhaust gas temperature measurement
Advantages of RTD

❖ Linear over wide operating range.

❖ Wide temperature operating range.
❖ High temperature Operating range.
❖ Interchangeability over Wide Range.
❖ Good stability at High Temperature.
Disadvantages of RTD

❖ Smaller overall temperature range.

❖ Higher Initial cost.
❖ Less rugged in high vibration environments.
❖ They requirement more complex measurement circuit.
❖ Self-Heating and lead errors when high accuracy is needed.