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VI - Statistical Quality Control - 2

This document provides an introduction to statistical control charts. It discusses that control charts are a graphical tool used to monitor ongoing processes. Control charts have three lines - the centerline and upper and lower control limits. If points fall outside the control limits or exhibit non-random patterns, the process is considered out of control. Variation can be due to common causes inherent in the process or special causes which are assignable. Control charts help determine when corrective action or process improvement is needed.

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Mandar Gupte
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13 views

VI - Statistical Quality Control - 2

This document provides an introduction to statistical control charts. It discusses that control charts are a graphical tool used to monitor ongoing processes. Control charts have three lines - the centerline and upper and lower control limits. If points fall outside the control limits or exhibit non-random patterns, the process is considered out of control. Variation can be due to common causes inherent in the process or special causes which are assignable. Control charts help determine when corrective action or process improvement is needed.

Uploaded by

Mandar Gupte
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistical Quality Control

Unit VI
Lecture 2
Previous Lecture
 Statistical Quality Control
 Statistics
 Measures of central tendency
 Measures of dispersion
Introduction To Control Charts
 It is a graphical tool for monitoring the activity of an ongoing process.
 Referred to as Shewhart control charts (Walter A. Shewhart).
 Vertical axis: value of quality characteristics
 Horizontal axis: samples or subgroups from which the quality
characteristic is found.
 Samples of certain sizes are selected (Say, 4 or 5 observations)
 Quality characteristic (say, average length) is calculated based on the
number of observations in the sample.
Introduction To Control Charts Represent Avg. Value of
Characteristic.
Indication of whether
the process is centered.
Introduction To Control Charts
 Examples of quality characteristics
 Average length
 Average diameter
 Average tensile strength VARIABLES
 Average resistance
 Average service time
 Proportion of non confirming items
 Number of non conformities per unit ATTRIBUTES
 Number of demerits per unit
Introduction To Control Charts
 Three lines are indicate on control charts
 The Centerline
 Upper control limit & lower control limit
 They are used to make decisions regarding the process
 If the points plot within control limits and do not exhibit any identifiable pattern, the
process is said to be in statistical control.
 If a point plots outside the control limit or
 If an identifiable non-random pattern exists, the process is said to be out of statistical
control.
Introduction To Control Charts
• Benefits of control chart
1. When to take corrective action
2. Type of remedial action necessary
3. When to leave a process alone
4. Process capability
5. Possible means of quality improvement
Introduction To Control Charts
 Causes of variation
 Several factors such as methods, equipment, people, materials and policies
influence variability.
 Causes of variation can be subdivided into two groups
 Common causes
 Special causes
Introduction To Control Charts
 Common causes (85% of all problems)
 Variability due to common or chance causes is something inherent to a
process.
 It exists as long as the process is not changed and is referred to as natural
variation in a process.
 It is an inherent part of the process design and effects all items.
 Effect of many small causes and can not be eliminated.
 Examples
 Inherent variation in incoming raw material from a qualified vendor.
 The vibration of machines.
 Fluctuations in working conditions.
Introduction To Control Charts
 Special causes (assignable causes)
 They are not inherent in the process
 Does not affect all itmes
 Example
 Wrong tool, an improper raw material or an incorrect procedure
 If an observation falls outside the control limits or a non-random
pattern exhibited, special causes are assumed to exist.
 Deming: 15 % of all problems are due to special causes
Introduction To Control Charts
 Rules for out-of-control process
 Rule 1: A process is assumed to be out of control if a single point plots outside
the control limits.
Introduction To Control Charts
 Rules for out-of-control process
 Rule 2: A process is assumed to be out of control if two out of three
consecutive points fall outside the 2σ warning limits on the same side of the
centreline.
Control Charts For Variables
• Quality characteristics that are measurable on a numerical scale.
• Mean value and its variability
• Control charts for mean and range
• chart
• chart

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