PLUMBING DESIGN FOR DUMMIES

Prepared by : Sanket Phatangare

 Mechanical electrical and Plumbing services (MEP) is a significant component of the construction
supply chain. MEP design is critical for design decision-making, accurate documentation,
performance and cost-estimating, construction planning, managing and operating the resulting
facility.

1. HVAC Service
2. Electrical Service
3. Fire Fighting Service
4. Plumbing Service
5. Elevators ( or ) Escalators
6. Solar System
7. Gas System
8. Security System
9. BMS System
10. ELV System
11. Compressed Air system

Building Services
 What is Plumbing ?

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a

wide range of applications.
Or
Plumbing is a system of piping, apparatus and
fixture for water distribution and waste disposal
within building.
Or
Flow of water or any fluid through piping.

What is a Plumbing System ? A complex arrangement of rigid steel piping

and stop valves regulate flow to various
A residential Plumbing system is a network of water parts of the building, with an evident
preference for right-angle pipe bends and
supply pipes, Drainpipes & Vent pipe. orthogonal pipe routes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing#/
media/File:Pipes_various.jpg

Introduction to Plumbing
 Plumbing is divided into 2 parts, Water supply & Drainage System further classified into five types of
piping network.

PLUMBING

WATER DRAINAGE
SYSTEM SYSTEM

COLD WATER WASTEWATER

SOIL WATER
HOT WATER
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SURFACE 2018/08/0601030001-01-Residential-Plumbing-
WATER System.jpg

Introduction to Plumbing
 IPC : International Plumbing Codes
Dewa : Dubai Electricity Water Authority
RC : Royal Commission-KSA
NBC : National Building Codes-India
IPA : Indian Plumbing Association
UPC : Uniform Plumbing Codes
BS : British Standards
Qatar Kharamaa

What is Plumbing Code ?

A plumbing code is a code that provides regulations for the design, installation and inspection of
building plumbing and sanitary systems. In the United States, jurisdictions enact their own codes,
some of which are based upon model plumbing codes.

Ref - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_code

STANDARD SOCIETIES
 • Domestic cold-water system

• Domestic hot water system

• Garden water sprinkler system

• Drainage system

• Vent system

• Storm drainage system/ Rainwater System

Plumbing is a system of piping, apparatus and fixture for water distribution and waste disposal
within a building.

Plumbing Systems
 Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance,
which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms

Ref-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water
1. Water is a chemical compound. It is a liquid which
boils at 100° C and freezes at 0° C and consists of
water molecules.
2. Each molecule contains of two hydrogen atoms
joined to one oxygen atom.
3. It has the chemical formula H2O.
4. It is an Excellent solvent and as a result normal
drinking water contains dissolved substances such as
iron ( Fe ). Manganese (Mn), Calcium (Ca),
Magnesium(Mg), Sulphate(S04) and fluoride (F).
5. It also contains dissolved gases including oxygen
(02), Nitrogen (N) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
6. Many of the above minerals are essential for the
health and proper growth of our bodies.

Formation of water
 1. The presence of these minerals usually imparts a much more pleasant taste to water.
2. pH stands for Potential of Hydrogen. It refers to the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
It is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH value ranges from 0 to 14 on
a pH scale.
3. The pH of natural water varies from approximately 6.0 to 8.0 and depends on the type of
rock through which the water passes. In some areas it may be as low as 4.0, e.g., due to acid
rain. The pH scale which ranges from 0 to 14 measures acidity and alkalinity.
4. Acidity increases as the pH value decreases, and alkalinity increases as the pH value increases.

pH less than 7 – solution is acidic

pH greater than 7 – solution is alkaline

Formation of water
 1. Dam 2. Well

3. Rivers 4. Borewell

5. Lakes

Sources of Water
 • Soft water contains little or no dissolved solids.
• It is often brownish or yellowish in color.
• Hard water, on the other hand, will have a high calcium or magnesium salt content.
• Hard waters do not form lather readily which has shaken with soap solution, whereas soft water
lathers easily.
• The table below subdivides hard and soft waters into several classes depending on the hardness.
• Jus as per cent means out of a hundred, so parts per million or ppm means out of million.
• Usually describes the concentration of something in water or soil. One ppm is equivalent to 1
milligram of something per liter of water (mg/l) or 1milligram of something per kilogram sol
(mg/kg)

CLASS HARDNESS ( PPM )

Soft 0-50 (Cooking & drinking)
Moderately Soft 50-100 (Cooking & drinking)
Sightly Soft 100-150 (Washing & cleaning)
Moderately Hard 150-200
Hard Over 200

Sources of Water
 What is a plumbing Fixture ?

A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which can be connected to a plumbing system to

deliver and drain water.

Ref - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_fixture

Plumbing Fixture
 Water Closet

Water Closet
 Eastern/Indian/Arabic Water Closet

Eastern/Indian/Arabic
 Anglo Indian / Universal Water Closet

Anglo Indian / Universal Water Closet

 Flushing Tank for WC and Urinals

Flushing Tank for WC and Urinals

 Flush-O-Meter Tank

Flush-O-Meter Tank
 Flush Valve

Flush Valve
 Lavatory

Lavatory
 Lavatory with pedestal

Lavatory with pedestal

 Lavatory tray

Lavatory tray
 Bathtub

Bathtub
 Whirlpool Bathtub

Whirlpool Bathtub
 Shower Head

Shower Head
 Shower Tray

Shower Tray
 Bidet

Bidet
 Your home plumbing system will have different types of
piping materials for different uses, including fresh water
supply, waste drainage, vent, irrigation appliances and so
on. Which type is used in which application will largely
depend on the age of your plumbing system. An older
plumbing system may be dominated by cast iron and
galvanized iron, While a new have plastic pipes of various
types.

However, this will be an overview of pipe materials for use

in plumbing applications.

These are the most common types of plumbing piping

materials found in homes of different ages, what they are
used for, and an overview of how to cut and fasten them
together.

Here are types of plumbing materials used in piping for

waste lines, water supply pipes. …next

Piping Material
 Sr. No. List of Pipe Sr. No. List of Pipe
1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Pipes (ABS) 11 Steel Pipes
2 Brass Pipes 12 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes
3 Cast Iron Pipe 13 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Pipes
4 Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride Pipes (CPVC) 14 Polypropylene Pipes
5 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride Pipes (uPVC) 15 Polythene Pipes
6 PVC Pipes 16 Vinyl Pipes
7 Copper Pipes 17 Lead Pipes
8 Cross-Linked Polyethylene Pipes (PEX) 18 Asbestos Cement Pipes
9 Galvanized Steel Pipes 19 Stoneware Pipes
10 Galvanized Iron Pipes 20 Concrete Pipes

Piping Material
 #1. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Pipes (ABS)
1. ABS Pipes is resistant to corrosive chemicals and has a low melting
temperature. While used for pipes, it is well-known for Lego toys,
computer keyboards, and wall socket faceguards.

2. This type of pipe can be used for draining sewage and wastewater from
households. It is good for DWV (drain waste vent) systems.

3. It is not flexible. In other words, it is solid.

Piping Material
 #2. Brass Pipes

1. Brass pipe is an alloy of copper and zinc. It is widely utilized in

and for many household items like locks, bearings, doorknobs
and plumbing applications such as tubes such as the one
shown below.

2. While brass may be used for plumbing pipes, it rarely is

because of it being very expensive. Brass fittings are more
common.

Piping Material
 #3. Cast Iron Pipe

1. Cast Iron pipe is popular for city water-distribution

systems due to its high resistance to corrosion and
consequent long life.
2. Cast iron pipe is made of pig iron. Such pipes are
generally made from 5 cm to 120 cm in diameter. Under
normal conditions, a cast-iron pipe could be expected to
last 100 years.
3. The usual length of a pipe section is 12 feet, but lengths
up to 20 feet may be obtained. Cast iron pipe is made in
several wall thickness classes for various pressures up
to a maximum of 350 psi.
4. The flanged pipe can be used for pumping stations,
filter plants, and other locations where it could be
necessary to disjoint the pipe.
5. Flanged couplings must be fitted perfectly and provided
with a gasket when they should be watertight. Cast iron
pipes will also be cheap and economical. These pipes
can be joined easily and may be cut and bored easily
too.

Piping Material
 #4. Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride Pipes (CPVC)

1. This type of non-corrosive pipe can be used for cold

and hot (around 180°F). It is durable and easy to use.

2. CPVC is different than PVC because it is altered with a

free radical chlorination reaction that effectively
increases the chlorine content of the material.

3. CPVC can also be a thermoplastic that is molded into

many of the same products as PVC. This process
makes it possible to with-stand a greater range of
temperatures.

4. Because CPVC has more applications than PVC, it is

more expensive.

Piping Material
 #4. Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride Pipes (uPVC)

1. uPVC pipes are a type of plastic pipe that is strong,

durable, and resistant to chemical and UV damage.

2. They have a smooth interior surface that resists scaling

and corrosion, ensuring a constant water flow and
reducing blockages.

3. uPVC pipes are environmentally friendly, can be

recycled, and have a long service life of up to 50 years
or more.

4. uPVC pipes are commonly used for water supply,

drainage, and sewerage systems due to their strength,
durability, and resistance to chemical and UV damage.

5. They are also used in various industrial and agricultural

applications, such as in chemical plants, irrigation
systems, and aquaculture farms, due to their corrosion
resistance and low maintenance requirements.

Piping Material
 #4. PVC Pipes

1. PVC is a man-made polymer solid and one of the

world’s most utilized plastics.
2. This plastic is known by its full name polyvinyl chloride,
simply as vinyl and perhaps best known by its
abbreviation: PVC.
3. PVC in the form of pipes are employed in sewer,
wastewater conveyance as well as within drains and
vents associated with structures and equipment.

Piping Material
 Difference between PVC and UPVC
PROPERTY uPVC PVC
uPVC pipes are made from rigid PVC PVC pipes contain plasticizers that make
Material composition material that does not contain them more flexible.
plasticizers

uPVC pipes are stronger and more

Strength and durability durable than PVC pipes and can Not Stronger
withstand higher pressure and stress.

PVC pipes are more susceptible to

uPVC pipes are highly resistant to
Chemical and UV resistance chemical and UV damage damage from chemicals and UV
radiation.

uPVC pipes are generally more

Cost expensive than PVC pipes due to their Cheaper
superior strength and durability.

uPVC pipes are commonly used for PVC pipes are used for a wider range of
applications, including electrical
Applications water supply, drainage, and sewerage
conduits, cable protection, and
systems
ventilation systems.

uPVC pipes are more environmentally PVC pipes contain plasticizers that can
Environmental impact friendly than PVC pipes, as they can be be harmful to the environment and are
recycled and have a longer service life. not recyclable.

Piping Material
 #5 Copper Pipes

1. Copper plumbing pipes have proven to be incredibly

durable. This piping material can handle pressure of up
to 1000 psi.
2. The average lifespan of copper piping will range from
50 – 70 years depending on variables such as the
surrounding climate, water quality, and operating
patterns.
3. Copper plumbing pipes are easy for professionals to
install since they’re not heavy. addition, this material is
highly flexible and is able o extend over large distances
throughout the home.
4. Unlike PEX and PVC pipes, the manufacturing process
for copper plumbing pipes is environmentally friendly
since it releases less dangerous emissions and
chemicals into the environment. In addition, copper
pipes are able to be recycled at the end of their
lifespan.

Piping Material
 Types of Flow

Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

The flow through pipes will be turbulent in most of the supply system.

Basics of Fluid Mechanics

 Types of Water

1. Potable Water: Water which is safe for drinking, food processing and bathing is called as portable
water. Potable comes from the Latin potare, meaning "to drink“.
Ex: Municipal water, pipe-borne water, protected well, borehole, protected spring water and
rainwater.
2. Sweet Water: Water without smell of chlorine, tasteless water, or treated water.
Ex: Packaged Drinking Water, RO Water
3. Hard Water: Water drawn directly from wells, ponds, rivers, borewells etc. Hard water is usually
defined as water, which contains a high concentration of calcium and magnesium ions.
Ex: Deep underground water in wells

Calcium Carbonate is the carbonic salt of calcium (CaCO 3).

Basics of Fluid Mechanics

 Rate of Flow or Discharge

It is defined as the quantity of a fluid flowing per second through a section of pipe or a
channel.
For an incompressible fluid (or liquid) the rate of flow or discharge is expressed as the
volume of fluid flowing across the section per second. For compressible fluids, the rate of
flow is usually expressed as the weight of fluid across the section. Thus

(I) For liquids, the units of Q are m3/s or liters/s

(II) For gases the units of Q is kgf/s of Newton/s

A = Cross-sectional area of pipe

V = Average velocity of fluid across the section

Then Discharge Q=AXV

Basics of Fluid Mechanics

 Loss of Energy in Pipes

When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some resistance due to
which some of the energy of fluid is lost. This loss of energy is classified as:

Energy Losses

Major Energy Losses Minor Energy Losses

This is due to friction, and it is This is due to

calculated by the following (a) Sudden expansion of pipe
formulae: (b) Sudden Contraction of pipe
(a) Darcy-Weisbach Formula (c) Bend in pipe
(b) Chezy’s Formula (d) Pipe fittings etc.
(c) Hazen Williams Formula (e) An obstruction in pipe

Basics of Fluid Mechanics

 (a) Darcy-Weisbach Formula (b) Chezy’s Formula

4 × 𝑓 × 𝐿 ×𝑉 2
h𝑓 = 𝑓′ 𝑃 2
𝐷 ×2 𝑔 h𝑓 = × × 𝐿× 𝑉
𝜌𝑔 𝐴

Where, Where,
Hf = Loss of head due to friction Hf = Loss of head due to friction
f = co-efficient of friction which is a A = area of cross-section of pipe
function of Reynolds number P = wetted perimeter of pipe
L = length of pipe L = length of pipe
V = mean velocity of flow V = mean velocity of flow
d = diameter of pipe

Basics of Fluid Mechanics

 (c) Hazen Williams Formula

In U.S. Units In S.I. Units

4.52 × 𝑄1.85 10.67 × 𝑄1.85

𝑃 𝑑= 1.85 4.87
𝑃 𝑑= 1.85 4.87
𝐶 ×𝑑 𝐶 ×𝑑

Where, Where,
Pd = Pressure drop in psi/foot S = head loss in m Water/m pipe
Q = Flow in gallons / min Q = Flow in m3/S
d = diameter of pipe in inches d = diameter of pipe in (m)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen%E2%80%93Williams_equation#:~:text=The%20Hazen
%E2%80%93Williams%20equation%20is,supply%20networks%2C%20and%20irrigation%20systems.

Basics of Fluid Mechanics

 Hazen Williams Friction Factor

MATERIAL FRICTION FACTOR C

ABS Plastic pipe 150
Asbestos-cement pipe 140
Bituminized fiber pipe 120
Cast-iron pipe 100
Concrete pipe 110
Copper or Copper-alloy 150
Tubing
PVC plastic pipe 150
Vitrified clay pipe 100

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Basics of Fluid Mechanics