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Numerical Analysis Introduction

Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximations to solve mathematical problems, as opposed to symbolic manipulations. It provides practical solutions for real-world engineering applications. An example is using the Babylonian method to iteratively find a numerical approximation for the square root of 2. Numerical methods allow the modeling of physical systems using mathematical equations, which can then be solved through arithmetic operations rather than calculus. Conservation laws provide a foundation for many such models by equating increases and decreases in a system over time.

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38 views

Numerical Analysis Introduction

Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximations to solve mathematical problems, as opposed to symbolic manipulations. It provides practical solutions for real-world engineering applications. An example is using the Babylonian method to iteratively find a numerical approximation for the square root of 2. Numerical methods allow the modeling of physical systems using mathematical equations, which can then be solved through arithmetic operations rather than calculus. Conservation laws provide a foundation for many such models by equating increases and decreases in a system over time.

Uploaded by

DONATO Ma. Crystal Jade A.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Numerical Analysis

Introduction
What is Numerical Analysis
• Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use
numerical approximation (as opposed to symbolic
manipulations) to well-defined mathematical
problems.
Simple Example
Find
In other words, find a real number such that when it is
multiplied by itself, the result is equal to 2.
√2
The analytical solution for the problem is: 1

Where is an irrational number


1

For practical or engineering applications, an approximation in the form


of a rational number that is “close enough” is used instead.
Simple Example
Babylonian Method:
For example, we can use the Babylonian Method.
The approximation is found using an iterative method.

The first step in any numerical analysis is to assume something

Stop after reaching a particular


precision. We need to find a measure of
the error in the approximate solution at
Ad Infinitum? each iteration.
Simple Example
For all practical purposes, and are very close to each other (the first 4
decimal places).

The closeness of the two values will be clearly quantified in terms of


error measurements in the next section.

Once the two values are close, up to an acceptable level, we say that
convergence has been achieved.
Engineering Problem Solving
Develop a mathematical model.
This is a formulation or equation that expresses the
essential features of a physical system or process in
mathematical terms.
Engineering Problem Solving
E.g. Find the velocity of a falling parachutist

Using Newton’s Laws (F=ma)

Differential Equation that


describes the
phenomenon of interest
We can solve this analytically using calculus (not arithmetic operations). For
example, if the parachutist was initially at rest (v=0 at t=0), we can write:

Plugging in appropriate values, we can find an


analytical solution to this problem.
A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary hot air balloon. Use the
equation to compute velocity prior to opening the chute. The drag coefficient is
equal to 12.5 kg/s.
Instead, we can solve this numerically by reformulating the mathematical problem
so that it can be solved by arithmetic operations.
For example, the time rate of change of velocity can be approximated by:

Where:
and are differences in velocity and time over a finite interval
is the velocity at a time
is the velocity at a later time

)
)
This gives us an means to (algebraically) determine the velocity at time using the
previous values of velocity and time.

This new value of velocity at time can in turn be used to find the velocity at and so
on.

)
New Value=Old Value + [ Slope ] x (Step Size)
Aka Euler’s method

The approximate solution can be improved by, for example,


decreasing the step size.
Perform the same computation as in the previous example
but use the new equation to compute the velocity. Employ a
step size of 2 s for the calculation.

At the start of the computation (=0), the velocity of the


parachutist is zero. Using this information and the parameter
values from the previous example, the new equation can be
used to compute velocity at =2 s:

For the next interval (from t 5 2 to 4 s), the computation is


repeated, with the result
Conservation laws
Conservation laws provide the foundation for many model functions
–They boil down to
Change = increases - decreases
Can be used to predict changes with respect to time by given it a
special name “the time-variable (or transient)” computation
–If no change occurs, the increases and decreases must be in balance
Change = 0 = increases - decreases
It is given a special name, the “steady-state” calculation
Example: Fluid Flow

A flow balance for steady incompressible fluid flow at


the junction of pipes.

–For steady-state incompressible fluid flow in pipes

Flow in = Flow out

•The flow out of the fourth pipe must be 60


Different fields of engineering and science apply these laws to
different paradigms within the field

Among these laws are


• –Conservation of mass
• –Conservation of momentum
• –Conservation of charge
• –Conservation of energy
• Finally, the electrical engineering applications employ both current
and energy balances to model electric circuits. The current balance,
which results from the conservation of charge, is similar in spirit to
the flow balance depicted in Fig. Just as flow must balance at the
junction of pipes, electric current must balance at the junction of
electric wires. The energy balance specifies that the changes of
voltage around any loop of the circuit must add up to zero. The
engineering applications are designed to illustrate how numerical
methods are actually employed in the engineering problem-solving
process.
Assignment –short bond paper
• Compute the velocity of a free-falling parachutist
using Euler’s method for the case where m=80 kg and
c=10 kg/s. Perform the calculation from t =0 to 20 s
with a step size of 1 s. Use an initial condition that the
parachutist has an upward velocity of 20 m/s at t =0.
At t =10 s, assume that the chute is instantaneously
deployed so that the drag coefficient jumps to 60
kg/s.

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