TIALMAR WLA

MARTIAL LAW
JANEPASE CUTIONPAOC
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
SAED PLEPEO WERPO
EDSA PEOPLE POWER
NISHSPA RIODPE
SPANISH PERIOD
CANMEARI GIMERE
AMERICAN REGIME
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 Pre-Colonial Period (B.C-1565)
• Characteristics
1. Based on oral traditions.
2. Consisted of early Filipino literature passed down orally;
oral pieces have a communal authorship – it was difficult to
trace the original author of the piece since oral literature did
not focus on ownership or copyright, rather on the act of
storytelling itself.
Many oral pieces became lost in the wave of the new literary influence brought about
by the Spanish colonization.
Literature in this period is based on tradition, reflecting daily life activities such as
housework, farming, fishing, hunting, and taking care of the children as well;
Oral pieces told stories which explained heroes and their adventures; they attempted
to explain certain natural phenomena, and, at the same time, served as entertainment
purposes;
Pre-colonial literature showed certain elements that linked the Filipino culture to
other Southeast Asian countries (e.g. oral pieces which were performed through a
tribal dance have certain similarities to the Malay dance);
This period in Philippine literature history represented the ethos of the people before
the arrival of a huge cultural influence – literature as a cultural tradition, than a form
of art that had a particular set of decorum.
Literary Forms
Oral Literature
a. Riddles (bugtong) - battle of wits among participants
i. Tigmo - Cebu
ii. Paktakon - Ilonggo
iii. Patotdon - Bicol
b. Proverbs (salawikain) - wise sayings that contain a metaphor
used to teach as a food for thought.
c. Tanaga - a mono-rhyming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing
insights and lessons on life is "more emotionally charged than the
terse proverb and thus has affinities with the folk lyric.
Folk Songs
It is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations,
the people's lifestyles as well as their loves. This is often repetitive,
sonorous, didactic and naïve.
a. Hele or oyayi – lullaby
b. Ambahan (Mangyan) – 7-syllable per line poem that are about
human relationship and social entertainment.
c. Kalusan (Ivatan) - work songs that depict the livelihood of the
people
d. Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) – drinking song
e. Kanogan (Cebuano) – song of lamentation for the dead
Folk Tales
a. Myths – explain how the world was created, how certain animals
possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls,
volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna
b. Legends – explain the origin of things
i. Why the Pineapple Has Eyes
ii. The Legend of Maria Makiling
c. Fables – used animal characters and allegory
d. Fantastic Stories – deal with underworld characters such as “tiyanak”,
“aswang”, “kapre” and others
Epics
These are “narratives of sustained length based on oral
tradition revolving around supernatural events or heroic
deeds” (Arsenio Manuel)
Examples:
i. Lam-ang (Ilocano)
ii. Hinilawod (Panay)
iii. Kudaman (Palawan)
iv. Darangen (Maranao)
 Spanish Colonization Period (1566-1871)
CHARACTERISTICS
It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular.
It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication.
Religion became an important theme.
In addition, the influence of religion, besides on the daily life of the natives, was led by the friar/missionary/parish
priest who were appointed by the Spanish government.
The essay genre was recognized amidst the scene of editorial protest – Jose Rizal and Plaridel (Marcelo H. Del Pilar)
were among those who opt in using the pen in voicing out the people's cry instead of the sword;
Introduction of the roman alphabet that gradually replaced baybayin.
The Filipino literature of this period became the predecessor of many more
literary works to come in the ages, wherein the theme of nationalism and
freedom of speech would be evident.
• Literary Forms
Religious Literature - Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those
versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were included in early catechism and
were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language.
a. Pasyon – long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ. The
most popular was “Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Cristong Panignoon
Natin” by Aguino de Belen
b. Senakulo – dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passion and death
of Christ
Secular (non-religious) Literature
a. Awit - colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting
Example: Ibong Adarna
b. Korido – metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains
Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Baltazar
c. Prose Narratives – written to prescribe proper decorum
i. Dialogo
ii. Ejemplo
iii. Manual de Urbanidad
iv. tratado
Examples: Modesto de Castro's "Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at si Feliza" and Joaquin Tuason's "Ang Bagong Robinson" (The New Robinson) in 1879
Nationalistic / Propaganda and Revolutionary Period (1872-1898)

Characteristics
Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos
Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog
Addressed the masses instead of the
“intelligentsia”
Literary Forms
Propaganda Literature - Reformatory in objective
a. Political Essays - satires, editorials and news articles were
written to attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule
i. Diariong Tagalog - founded by Marcelo del Pilar
ii. La Solidaridad - whose editor-in-chief is Graciano Lopez-Jaena
b. Political Novels
i.Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo - Jose Rizal’s
masterpieces that paved the way to the revolution
Revolutionary Literature - more propagandistic than literary as it is
more violent
in nature and demanded complete independence for the country
a. Political Essays - helped inflame the spirit of revolution
b. Kalayaan - newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacinto
c. Poetry
i. True Decalogue - Apolinario Mabini
ii. Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas - Andres Bonifacio
iii. Liwanag at Dilim - Emilio Jacinto
 American Colonial Period (1898-1944)
• Period of Apprenticeship
Filipino Writers imitated English and American models
Poems written were amateurish and mushy, which phrasing, and diction is
awkward and artificial
The gradual decline of the Philippine literature written in Spanish;
The English language eventually became the medium of writing and instruction
in schools;
As the Spanish colonizers left the country in accordance with the Treaty of Paris,
the spirit of nationalism and the desire to be acknowledged of independence did
not disappear just yet. Instead, these uniting forces geared into revolting against
the new colonizers.
During the American colonization period, Philippine literature
reflected the ethos of its people under a new role. However, these day-
to-day experiences under a new foreign influence, as well as
sentiments, were expressed through the English language;
The Spanish „sarsuwela‟ was eventually replaced by the „drama‟;
One major influence of the American occupation on the Filipino
literature is its refining in the context of the content and the form.
Beginning with Rizal‟s use of social realism as one of the major
themes for his two major novels.
a . Short Stories
i. Dead Stars – Paz Marquez Benitez
ii. The Key – Paz Latorena
iii. Footnote to Youth – Jose Garcia Villa
b. Novels
i. Childe of Sorrow – first novel in English, by Zoilo Galang
Period of Emergence (1920-1930)
Highly influenced by Western literary trends like Romanticism and Realism.
a. Short Stories – most prevalent literary form
i. Jose Garcia Villa – earned the international title “Poet of the Century”
 Japanese Occupation (1941-1944)
War Years (1941-1944)
Tagalog poets broke away from the Balagtas tradition and instead wrote in simple
language and free verse
Fiction prevailed over poetry
a. 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino (1943) – compilation of the
short story contest by the military government
i. Suyuan sa Tubigan – Macario Pineda
ii. Lupang Tinubuan – Narciso Reyes
iii. Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa – Liwayway Arceo
b. Period of Maturity and Originality
Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, drama and essay
Filipino writers mastered English and familiarized themselves with diverse techniques
Literary “giants” appeared
Palanca Awards for Literature
- Jose Garcia Villa
-Nick Joaquin
-NVM Gonzales
-Bienvenido Santos
-Gregorio Brillantes
-Gilda Cordero Fernando
National Artist Awards
-Jose Garcia Villa ii. Nick Joaquin
 Contemporary/Modern Period
(1960-Present)

• Characteristics
Martial Law repressed and curtailed human rights, including freedom of the
press
Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at the
face of heavy censorship
Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil. Educational
Theater Association) and UP Theater.
From the eighties onwards, writers continue to show dynamism and
innovation.