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Earthquake Epicenter

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18 views38 pages

Earthquake Epicenter

Uploaded by

shine margaret h. carbon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SCIENCE 10

Ms. Jessibel C.
Salvador
Characteristics of
Seismic Waves

Earthquake Epicenter

Earthquake
Triangulation
Philippine Political Map

• Helps in identifying the


important locations of
Philippines.
• Illustrates the provinces and
charted cities boundaries
with their capitals and
national capitals
Philippine Hazard Map
• Shows the area of the
country that are affected by,
grown, or vulnerable to a
particular hazard or natural
disasters.
• Hazard maps that show
geophysical hazards are also
term geophysical hazard
maps.
Earthquake
 Since 1968,
PHIVOLCS has
recorded 12 destructive
earthquakes in the
Philippines.
Earthquakes are
natural geological
phenomena caused by the
sudden and rapid
movement of large volume
of rock.
The violent shaking and
destruction caused by
earthquakes are the result of
the rupture and slippage
along fractures of Earth’s
crust called faults.
EARTHQUAKES

generate
create

FAULTS
Seismology
 Is the study of earthquakes
and seismic waves that move
through and around the
earth.
Seismograph and Seismogram

 A seismogram is a record of the seismic


waves from an earthquake.
 A seismograph or seismometer is the
measuring instrument that creates the
seismogram.
Seismic Waves
 are propagating vibrations
that carry energy from the
source of the shaking
outward in all directions.
Seismic Waves
 Earthquake releases four types of seismic
waves:
 Primary (P-waves)
 Secondary (S-waves)
 Love waves
 Rayleigh waves
Seismic Waves
Seismic Waves
 The first two wave types, P and S ,
are called body waves because
they travel or propagate through
the body of Earth.
 The latter two are called surface
waves because they travel along
Earth's surface and their amplitude
decreases with depth into Earth.
Seismic Waves
 Take note: These waves
travel at different
velocities thus, do not
arrive at a seismic
recording station at the
same time.
P-waves
 are the first waves to arrive on a complete record of
ground shaking because they travel the fastest.
 (their name derives from this fact - P is an
abbreviation for primary, first wave to arrive).
S-waves
 Travel slower than P waves
 S-waves are transverse
waves because they vibrate
the ground in a direction
"transverse", or
perpendicular, to the
direction that the wave is
traveling.
S-waves
 An important
distinguishing
characteristic of an S-
wave is its inability to
propagate through a
fluid or a gas.
S-waves
 In general, earthquakes
generate larger shear
waves than compressional
waves and much of the
damage close to an
earthquake is the result of
strong shaking caused by
shear waves.
Surface waves
 Traveling only through
crust surface.
 Lower frequency than body
waves.
 Easily distinguished on a
seismogram.
 They arrive after body
waves.
Epicenter
 is the point on the earth's
surface vertically above the
hypocenter (or focus),
point in the crust where a
seismic rupture begins.
Using P and S-waves To Locate
Earthquakes
Using P and S-waves To Locate
Earthquakes

P-wave arrival time


S-wave arrival time
The difference in the arrival times of the waves is:
(S-wave speed) - (P-wave speed)
Distance of the epicenter from
the station

Where:

d = distance (km)
Td = time difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-
wave(seconds)
Distance of the epicenter from
the station
Distance of the epicenter
from the station
Triangulation Method
Triangulation
determines the location
of earthquakes using
distance information
from three seismic
stations.
Triangulation Method
 The circles are drawn
around the seismic
station
 The radius of the circle
represents the distance
from the seismic station
to the earthquake.
Triangulation Method
 The point where
the three circles
intersect shows the
location of the
earthquake.
Richter Scale
 The Richter magnitude scale is the most
common standard of measurement for
earthquakes.
 It was invented in 1935 by Charles F. Richter.
 The Richter scale is used to rate the magnitude
of an earthquake, that is the amount of
energy released during an earthquake.
Richter Scale
Mercalli Scale

Describes the intensity of


an earthquake based on its
observed effects.

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