MVGR College of Engineering (Autonomous)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

A3EET 309 - Electrical Machines - II

Dr. Sarat Kumar Sahu

M.Tech,
Ph.D.,
Professor
 Testing of Induction Motor
No-load Test
 This test, as the name indicate, is performed on induction motor
when it is running without load.
 This test tells us the magnitude of constant losses occurring in the
motor.
 The machine is started in the usual way and runs without load at
normal voltage.
 Since motor is running without load, p.f. of the motor is low (less
than 0·5).
 Since motor is at no-load the input power supplied to the motor is
utilised to meet with the losses only.
 Testing of Induction Motor
No-load Test
 On the stator side, suitable instruments are connected between
supply mains and motor terminals to measure power, line current
and line voltage. as shown in Figure.
 For power and power factor measurement wattmeter readings W1

and W2 are taken.

 Testing of Induction Motor
No-load Test
 If any of the wattmeter gives a down-scale reading, the
connections of the current coil of the wattmeter are reversed and
the reading is considered as negative.
 Total power drawn by the motor is then the sum of the two
wattmeter readings.
 The readings of wattmeters are taken with various values of applied
voltage and then curve is plotted against power and input voltage.
From this curve windage and friction losses are determined.
 Testing of Induction Motor
No-load Test
 The no-load losses include frictional
windage loss, core loss, and a small copper
loss in the stator winding.
 As the slip at no-load is very small and
negligible, the rotor copper loss is
negligible as the rotor current at no-load is
very small and neglected.

 The readings noted at normal voltage and at rated frequency are

considered to find out the fixed core losses.
 Testing of Induction Motor
Calculations from No - Load Test:
The procedure to separate the various losses is given below:
 Total power measured,Watts
 Copper losses in stator winding =
 where is the no-load current measured by ammeter at normal
voltage and rated frequency of supply
 R1 is the stator winding resistance per phase
 The applied voltage per phase =
 Total constant losses = Watts
 Testing of Induction Motor
Calculations from No - Load Test:
Now to determine the friction and windage losses the curve drawn
between applied voltage and input power is extended till it cuts the
vertical axis.
The point where it intersects the vertical axis, represent the losses at
zero applied voltage.
When applied voltage is zero the core losses and stator copper losses
are zero. Therefore, power input at no-load and zero voltage represents
the windage and friction losses.
Other calculation is given below:
No-load power factor, cos
No-load exciting resistance,
 Testing of Induction Motor
Calculations from No - Load Test:
No-load Magnetizing Reactance,
The equivalent circuit of an induction motor at no-load is shown in Figure

Equivalent circuit of an induction motor at no-load

 Testing of Induction Motor
Blocked Rotor Test
 This test is performed by locking the rotor (by holding the rotor
not to rotate).
 This is carried out to know the copper loss at short circuit, power
factor at short circuit and total equivalent resistance and reactance
of the motor referred to stator side.
 This test is just equivalent to short circuit test of a transformer.
 Starting with zero voltage across the stator, the applied voltage is
gradually increased in steps till motor draws the full-load current.
 The readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeters are noted.
 Testing of Induction Motor
Blocked Rotor Test
While performing this test the following points are taken care of.
1. The mechanism used to hold (or block) the rotor should be of proper
strength.
2. The direction of rotation of rotor should be established prior to start
the test
3. Direction of force which is to keep the rotor blocked (unmoved)
should be in opposite direction.
4. As the windings get heated while performing the test, therefore this
test should be carried out quickly.
5. The short circuit current should not be allowed to rise more than one
and half times the full load current.
 Testing of Induction Motor
Calculations from Blocked Rotor Test:
Let Psc be the total power measured when Isc/phase be the circulating

current and Vsc is the voltage applied per phase. where Vsc= voltmeter
reading.
Psc =W1+W2
Then equivalent impedance/phase of the motor referred to stator side

Power Factor = cos

Let Req1 be the equivalent resistance of the motor referred to stator side.
 Testing of Induction Motor
Calculations from Blocked Rotor Test:
Let Req1 be the equivalent resistance of the motor referred to stator side.
Req1 =

Equivalent reactance, of the motor referred to the stator side,

The equivalent circuit of the induction motor referred to stator side is shown in
Fig.
 Testing of Induction Motor

Calculations from Blocked Rotor Test:

 The total power input to motor when rotor is locked is absorbed as
total copper losses in the motor as well as small iron losses (usually
neglected).
 The iron losses are small since small voltage only 10 to 15% of
normal voltage is applied to circulate full load current in the motor.
Psc = Total Cu loss in motor.

 If Isc = full load current of motor, then Psc is total copper loss on full
load.
 Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
When stator winding of a 3-phase induction motor is connected to 3-
phase supply, the rotor circuit being closed (or short circuited), torque is
developed and rotor rotates.
Thus, energy is transferred from stator winding to rotor winding through
magnetic flux.
Therefore, an induction motor is similar to a transformer with a rotating
secondary.
The induction motor may be viewed as shown in Figure below. where
per phase values have been considered.
 Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
This circuit can be further represented as shown in the following figure
Here, stator and rotor winding is shown just as it is the primary and
secondary of a transformer.

The various quantities (all phase values) in the circuit are:

Stator Side:
V = Supply Voltage
X1 = Stator Reactance
 Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
The various quantities (all phase values) in the circuit are:
Stator Side:
V = Supply Voltage
X1 = Stator Reactance

R1 = Stator Resistance

I1 = Stator Current

Io = Stator No load Current IMag = Magnetizing

component
Iw = Working component XO =
Exciting Reactance
RO = Loss Component Rotor current referred to stator
 Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
The various quantities (all phase values) in the circuit are:
Rotor Side:
 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
To simplify the circuit, all the quantities which are represented on the rotor side
can be referred to the stator side.
Then, the simplified equivalent circuit of the induction motor will become as
shown in following Figure.
Here, RL represents mechanical power developed in the rotor.
 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
The equivalent circuit of an induction motor can further be simplified as
shown in the following figure
 Phasor Diagram of an Induction Motor

Phasor Diagram
 The complete phasor diagram of an
induction motor is shown in following
Figure.
 It is exactly similar to that of a
transformer except that in this case the
magnetising current I0 is very large due
to air gap between stator and rotor.
 Circle Diagram of an Induction Motor

The circle diagram of an induction motor may be drawn by using the

data obtained from (i) stator resistance test, (ii) no-load test and (iii)
blocked rotor test. From stator resistance test, the stator winding
resistance per phase R1 is determined.
From no-load test, the phase voltage V, , no-load current Io and no-
load power input Po is measured and from this data no-load power
factor angle is determined.
From blocked rotor test, the corresponding value of short circuit
current at normal stator applied voltage and short circuit phase angle
are determined.
 Circle Diagram of an Induction Motor

From this data, a circle diagram for an induction motor is drawn by

taking the following steps:
1.Draw the voltage phasor OV along y-axis.
2.Choose a convenient scale for current and draw a line O = Io at an
angle of with phasor OV.
3.Draw a line OX perpendicular to voltage phasor OV . Also draw a line
from parallel to line OX.
4.From O draw a line OA equal to blocked rotor current ISN
corresponding to normal rated voltage, with the same scale used for Io,
lagging behind voltage vector OV by an angle . Then phasor A will
 Circle Diagram of an Induction Motor

5. The line is known as output line.

6. It is obvious that both point and A will lie on the circle. To determine
the centre of circle C, divide the line A equally. Extend the dividing line
on both sides and the point where it meets the line that will be the centre
C of the circle.
7. Taking C as centre and C as radius, draw a semicircle AB.
8. Draw vertical lines P and AQ from and A respectively parallel to Y-
axis or voltage vector OV.
 Circle Diagram of an Induction Motor

It may be noted that all the vertical distances represent the active or
power components of current since they are in phase with the voltage
vector OV.
Accordingly, P represents working component of no-load current (i.e., P
= Ocos = Io cos =); otherwise it represents no-load input which includes
core losses, friction and windage losses and very small amount of stator
copper loss.
Similarly, AQ i.e., vertical component of OA is proportional to motor
input on short circuit which includes rotor copper loss, stator copper and
fixed losses i.e., stator iron loss and mechanical loss.
 Circle Diagram of an Induction Motor

Power scale: As AQ represents WSN i.e. power input on short circuit at

normal voltage, the power scale can be obtained as,
Power scale =
where l(AQ) = Distance AQ in cm
Where FQ = P = Stator iron loss + windage and friction loss
AE = rotor copper loss
EF = stator copper loss
The rotor and stator copper losses are represented by the torque line E
and the point ‘E’ is located as follows:
 Circle Diagram of an Induction Motor

(i) In case of squirrel cage machines: The stator resistance per phase R1
is determined by stator resistance test. Then
Rotor copper loss = power input at short circuit -stator copper loss
 Circle Diagram of an Induction Motor

(ii) In case of phase- wound machines: In this case, the stator and rotor
resistances per phase i.e., R1 and R2 can be measured separately for any

value of stator and rotor currents, say I1 and I2.

Transformation ratio
Now,
ButRotor resistance referred to stator

Thus point E can be obtained by dividing line AF in the ratio to

 Results Obtainable from Circle Diagram

 Let us assume that the motor is drawing a current of I1 ampere at any

load.
 Draw an arc with radius OL = I1 with O as its centre.
 From L, draw a line LM parallel to y-axis, as shown in Figure which
intersects various lines at points N, K and J.
 Then JM represents fixed losses, JK as stator copper loss, KN as rotor
copper loss, KL as rotor input, NL as rotor output and LM as total
motor input.
 Results Obtainable from Circle Diagram

Using the power scale and various distances, the values of the
performance parameters can be obtained as,
1. Total motor input = LM x Power scale
2. Fixed loss = JM x power scale
3. Stator copper loss = KJ x power scale
4. Rotor copper loss = NK x power scale
5. Total loss = NM x power scale
6. Rotor output = LN x power scale
 Results Obtainable from Circle Diagram

7. Rotor input = LN + NK = LK x power scale

8. Slip s =
9. Power factor cos = OM/OL
10. Motor efficiency = Output / Input = LN/LM
11. Rotor efficiency = Rotor output / Rotor input = LN/LK
12. Rotor Speed =
13. Torque Developed =
 Maximum Quantities from Circle Diagram
The maximum quantities can be determined from the circle diagram
shown in Figure, as mentioned below:
 Maximum Quantities from Circle Diagram
1. Maximum output: From centre point C drop a perpendicular on
output line and extend it to meet the circle at R. From R draw a
vertical line intersecting the output line at S. Then maximum output
is represent by RS, such that
Maximum output = RS x Power Scale (Watt).
2. Maximum torque or rotor input: From centre point C drop a
perpendicular on torque line and extend it to meet the circle at U.
From U draw a vertical line intersecting the torque line at W. Then
maximum torque is represent by UW, such that
Max Torque Developed =
 Maximum Quantities from Circle Diagram
3. Maximum input power: Draw a vertical line parallel to y-axis
passing through the centre of circle C. It intersects the circle at D
and the x-axis at Z. The point D where the tangent to the circle is
horizontal represents the maximum input power which is
proportional to DZ, such that
Maximum Power = DZ x Power Scale (Watt).

But the motor will be unstable here since the point D occur beyond the
point of maximum torque U. However, maximum input indicates the
ability of the motor to carry short-time over loads. Usually. the
maximum input power is 2 to 3 times the rated power.
 Significance of Some Lines in the Circle Diagram

Although, many lines have been drawn in the circle diagram but some of
them (given below) are important and have special significance.
1.Input line OX: The vertical distance between any point on the circle
and this line represents the input power and hence called input line.
2.Output line : The vertical distance between any point on the circle and
this line represents the output power and hence called output line.
3.Torque line or Air-gap power line : Since KL represents mechanical
power developed in the rotor i.e., air-gap power, the line is called torque
line or air-gap power line.