INTRODUCTION

TO MATLAB
FOR
BEGINNERS

DR. ATUL KUAMR SRIVASTAVA

SARALA BIRLA UNIVERSITY
OUTLINE:
What is Matlab?
Matlab Screen
Variables, array, matrix, indexing
Operators (Arithmetic, relational, logical )
Display Facilities
Flow Control
Using of M-File
Writing User Defined Functions
Conclusion
 WHAT IS MATLAB?
Matlab is basically a high level language which has many
specialized toolboxes for making things easier for us
How high?

Matlab

High Level
Languages such as
C, Pascal etc.

Assembly
 MATLAB SCREEN
 Command Window
 type commands

 Current Directory
 View folders and m-files

 Workspace
 View program variables
 Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor

 Command History
 view past commands
 save a whole session
using diary
 VARIABLES
No need for types. i.e.,

int a;
double b;
float c;

All variables are created with double precision unless specified

and they are matrices.

Example:
>>x=5;
>>x1=2;

After these statements, the variables are 1x1 matrices with

double precision
 ARRAY, MATRIX
a vector x = [1 2 5 1]

x =
1 2 5 1

a matrix y = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1]

y =
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1

transpose y = x’ y =
1
2
5
1
LONG ARRAY,
MATRIX
t =1:10

t =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
k =2:-0.5:-1

k =
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1

B = [1:4; 5:8]

x =
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
 GENERATING VECTORS
FROM FUNCTIONS
zeros(M,N) MxN matrix of zeros x = zeros(1,3)
x =
0 0 0

ones(M,N) MxN matrix of ones

x = ones(1,3)
x =
1 1 1

rand(M,N) MxN matrix of uniformly

distributed x = rand(1,3)
random
x =
numbers on (0,1)
0.9501 0.2311 0.6068
 MATRIX INDEX
 The matrix indices begin from 1 (not 0 (as in C))
 The matrix indices must be positive integer
Given:

A(-2), A(0)

Error: ??? Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals.

A(4,2)
Error: ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.
 CONCATENATION OF
MATRICES
 x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0]

A = [ x y]

1 2 4 5

B = [x ; y]

1 2
4 5

C = [x y ;z]
Error:
??? Error using ==> vertcat CAT arguments dimensions are not consistent.
OPERATORS
(ARITHMETIC)
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
^ power
‘ complex conjugate transpose
MATRICES OPERATIONS

Given A and B:

Addition Subtraction Product Transpose

OPERATORS (ELEMENT
BY ELEMENT)

.* element-by-element multiplication
./ element-by-element division
.^ element-by-element power
 THE USE OF “.” – “ELEMENT”
OPERATION
A = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 1]
A=
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1

b = x .* y c=x./y d = x .^2
x = A(1,:) y = A(3 ,:)
b= c= d=
x= y= 3 8 -3 0.33 0.5 -3 1 4 9
1 2 3 3 4 -1
K= x^2
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mpower Matrix must be square.
B=x*y
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
BASIC TASK: PLOT
THE FUNCTION SIN(X)
BETWEEN 0≤X≤4Π
Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0 and 4π.

>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);

Calculate sin(.) of the x-array

>>y=sin(x);
1

Plot the y-array 0.8

0.6

0.4

>>plot(y) 0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
PLOT THE FUNCTION
E-X/3SIN(X) BETWEEN
0≤X≤4Π
Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0 and 4π.
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);
Calculate sin(.) of the x-array
>>y=sin(x);

Calculate e-x/3 of the x-array

>>y1=exp(-x/3);

Multiply the arrays y and y1

>>y2=y*y1;
PLOT THE FUNCTION
E-X/3SIN(X) BETWEEN 0≤X≤4Π

Multiply the arrays y and y1 correctly

>>y2=y.*y1;
Plot the y2-array

0.7

>>plot(y2) 0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
DISPLAY FACILITIES
0.7

0.6

0.5
plot(.) Example: 0.4

>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100); 0.3

>>y=sin(x); 0.2

0.1
>>plot(y) 0

>>plot(x,y) -0.1

-0.2

stem(.) -0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Example: 0.7

0.6
>>stem(y) 0.5

>>stem(x,y) 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
 DISPLAY FACILITIES
title(.)
>>title(‘This is the sinus function’)
This is the sinus function
1

xlabel(.) 0.8

0.6

>>xlabel(‘x (secs)’) 0.4

ylabel(.) 0.2

sin(x)
0

-0.2
>>ylabel(‘sin(x)’) -0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
x (secs)
GRAPHS IN ONE
WINDOW
 The subplot command creates several plots in a single window. Here is
an example:
 >> t = (0:.1:2*pi)';
 >> subplot(2,2,1)
 >> plot(t,sin(t))
 >> subplot(2,2,2)
 >> plot(t,cos(t))
 >> subplot(2,2,3)
 >> plot(t,exp(t))
 >> subplot(2,2,4)
 >> plot(t,1./(1+t.^2))
OPERATORS
(RELATIONAL, LOGICAL)
== Equal to
~= Not equal to
< Strictly smaller
> Strictly greater
<= Smaller than or equal to
>= Greater than equal to
& And operator
| Or operator
FLOW CONTROL
if
for
while
break
….
CONTROL
STRUCTURES Some Dummy Examples
If Statement Syntax
if ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
if (Condition_1) end
Matlab Commands if (a<3)
elseif (Condition_2) Some Matlab Commands;
elseif (b~=5)
Matlab Commands Some Matlab Commands;
elseif (Condition_3) end

Matlab Commands if (a<3)

Some Matlab Commands;
else else
Matlab Commands Some Matlab Commands;
end
end
CONTROL
STRUCTURES Some Dummy Examples

For loop syntax for i=1:100

Some Matlab Commands;
end
for i=Index_Array for j=1:3:200
Matlab Commands Some Matlab Commands;
end
end
for m=13:-0.2:-21
Some Matlab Commands;
end

for k=[0.1 0.3 -13 12 7 -9.3]

Some Matlab Commands;
end
CONTROL
STRUCTURES
While Loop Syntax

while (condition) Dummy Example

Matlab Commands
while ((a>3) & (b==5))
end Some Matlab Commands;
end
 USE OF M-FILE

Click to create
a new M-File

• Extension “.m”
• A text file containing script or function or program to run
USE OF M-FILE
Save file as Denem430.m

If you include “;” at the

end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately
WRITING USER
DEFINED
FUNCTIONS
Functions are m-files which can be executed by specifying some
inputs and supply some desired outputs.
The code telling the Matlab that an m-file is actually a function is

function out1=functionname(in1)
function out1=functionname(in1,in2,in3)
function [out1,out2]=functionname(in1,in2)

You should write this command at the beginning of the m-file and
you should save the m-file with a file name same as the function
name
WRITING USER DEFINED
FUNCTIONS
Examples
• Write a function : out=squarer (A, ind)
• Which takes the square of the input matrix if the input
indicator is equal to 1
• And takes the element by element square of the input
matrix if the input indicator is equal to 2

Same Name
WRITING USER DEFINED
FUNCTIONS
Another function which takes an input array and returns the sum and
product of its elements as outputs

The function sumprod(.) can be called from command window or an m-file

as
WRITING USER DEFINED
FUNCTIONS
 %%square.m ---- Calculates the square of a number.

 function y = square(x)
% calculate the square of the given number 'x'
% Arguments:
 % x (input) value to be squared
 % y (output) the result of the square
 y = x*x;
 end
 % end of square function
NOTES:
“%” is the neglect sign for Matlab (equaivalent of “//” in C).
Anything after it on the same line is neglected by Matlab compiler.
Sometimes slowing down the execution is done deliberately for
observation purposes. You can use the command “pause” for this
purpose

pause %wait until any key

pause(3) %wait 3 seconds
USEFUL COMMANDS
The two commands used most by Matlab
users are

>>help functionname

>>lookfor keyword
QUESTIONS
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THANK YOU…