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Basis (v3)

The document discusses the key properties of a basis for a subspace. It defines a basis as a linearly independent generating set for a subspace. The main points are: 1) A basis is the smallest generating set and largest independent set for a subspace. 2) Any two bases for the same subspace contain the same number of vectors, known as the dimension of the subspace. 3) To check if a set is a basis, one can check if it is independent and spans the subspace, or if it contains the same number of vectors as the dimension of the subspace.

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43 views

Basis (v3)

The document discusses the key properties of a basis for a subspace. It defines a basis as a linearly independent generating set for a subspace. The main points are: 1) A basis is the smallest generating set and largest independent set for a subspace. 2) Any two bases for the same subspace contain the same number of vectors, known as the dimension of the subspace. 3) To check if a set is a basis, one can check if it is independent and spans the subspace, or if it contains the same number of vectors as the dimension of the subspace.

Uploaded by

experimental mechanics
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basis

Hung-yi Lee
Outline
• What is a basis for a subspace?
• Confirming that a set is a basis for a subspace

• Reference: Textbook 4.2


What is Basis?
Basis Why nonzero?

• Let V be a nonzero subspace of Rn. A basis B for V is


a linearly independent generation set of V.
{e1, e2, , en} is a basis for Rn.
1. {e1, e2, , en} is independent
2. {e1, e2, , en} generates Rn.
{} is a basis for R2

{} {} {} …… any two independent


vectors form a basis for R2
Basis
• The pivot columns of a matrix form a basis for its
columns space.

RREF

pivot columns

Col A = Span
Property
• (a) S is contained in Span S Basis is always in
its subspace

• (b) If a finite set S’ is contained in Span S, then Span S’ is


also contained in Span S
Span S
• Because Span S is a subspace
Span S’
• (c) For any vector z, Span S = Span S{z} if and only if z
belongs to the Span S
z
z
Theorem
• 1. A basis is the smallest generation set.
• 2. A basis is the largest independent vector set in
the subspace.
• 3. Any two bases for a subspace contain the same
number of vectors.
• The number of vectors in a basis for a nonzero
subspace V is called dimension of V (dim V).
Textbook P245
Null B
Theorem 3 Null C

• Any two bases of a subspace V contain the same


number of vectors
Suppose {u1, u2, …, uk} and {w1, w2, …, wp} are two bases of V.
Let A = [u1 u2  uk] and B = [w1 w2  wp].
Since {u1, u2, …, uk} spans V,  ci  Rk s.t. Aci = wi for all i
 A[c1 c2  cp] = [w1 w2  wp]  AC = B
Now Cx = 0 for some x  Rp  ACx = Bx = 0
B is independent vector set  x= 0  c1 c2  cp are independent
ci  Rk  p  k
Reversing the roles of the two bases one has k  p  p = k.
Every basis of Rn
Theorem 3 has n vectors.

• The number of vectors in a basis for a subspace V is


called the dimension of V, and is denoted dim V
• The dimension of zero subspace is 0

dim R2 =2 dim R3=3


Example

Find dim V
𝑥1 =3 𝑥2 −5 𝑥 3 +6 𝑥 4
dim V = 3

Basis? Independent vector set that


generates V
Theorem 1
A basis is the smallest generation set.

If there is a generation set S for subspace V,


The size of basis for V is smaller than or equal to S.

Reduction Theorem
There is a basis containing in any generation
set S.
S can be reduced to a basis for V by removing
some vectors.
Theorem 1 – Reduction Theorem
所有的 generation set 心中都有一個 basis

S can be reduced to a basis for V by removing some


vectors.
Suppose S = {u1, u2, , uk} is a generation set of
subspace V
Subspace Let A = [ u1 u2  uk ].
¿ 𝐶𝑜𝑙 𝐴
The basis of Col A is
the pivot columns of A Subset of S
Theorem 1 – Reduction Theorem
所有的 generation set 心中都有一個 basis

Subspace ¿ 𝐶𝑜𝑙 𝐴 = Span

{[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]}
1 2 −1 2 1 2 Smallest generation set
−1 −2 1 2 3 6
𝑆= , , , , ,
2 4 −3 2 0 3
−3 6 2 0 3 9 Generation set

RREF
𝐴=¿
Theorem 2
A basis is the largest independent set in the
subspace.
If the size of basis is k, then you cannot find more than k
independent vectors in the subspace.

Extension Theorem
Given an independent vector set S in the space
S can be extended to a basis by adding more vectors
Theorem 2 – Extension Theorem
Independent set:
我不是一個 basis 就是正在成為一個
basis
There is a subspace V
Given a independent vector set S (elements of S are in V)
If Span S = V, then S is a basis
If Span S ≠ V, find v1 in V, but not in Span S
S = S {v1} is still an independent set
If Span S = V, then S is a basis
If Span S ≠ V, find v2 in V, but not in Span S
S = S {v2} is still an independent set V
…… You will find the basis in the end.
More from Theorems

A basis is the smallest generation set.


A vector set generates Rm must contain at least m vectors.
Rm have a basis {e1, e2, , em}
Because a basis is the smallest generation set
Any other generation set has at least m vectors.

A basis is the largest independent set in the


subspace.
Any independent vector set in Rm contain at most m vectors.
雕塑 … 主要是使用雕（通過減除材料
Summary 來造型）及塑（通過疊加材料來造
型）的方式 …… (from wiki)

Same size
刪去 疊加

Independent
Generation vector set
set
Basis
Confirming that
a set is a Basis
Intuitive Way
• Definition: A basis B for V is an independent
generation set of V.

Is C a basis of V ?
Independent? yes
Generation set? difficult

generates V
Another way
Find a basis for V
• Given a subspace V, assume that we already know that dim
V = k. Suppose S is a subset of V with k vectors
If S is independent S is basis
If S is a generation set S is basis

Dim V = 2 (parametric representation) Is C a basis of V ?

C is a subset of V with 2 vectors


C is a basis of V
Independent? yes
Assume that dim V = k. Suppose
Another way S is a subset of V with k vectors

If S is independent S is basis

By the extension theorem, we can add more


vector into S to form a basis.
However, S already have k vectors, so it is already
a basis.

If S is a generation set S is basis


By the reduction theorem, we can remove some
vector from S to form a basis.
However, S already have k vectors, so it is already
a basis.
Example
• Is B a basis of V ?

Independent set in V? yes

Dim V = ? 3 B is a basis of V.
Example
B is a subset of V with 3
• Is B a basis of V = Span S ?
vectors

[ ]
1 0 0 − 2/ 3
0 1 0 1 /3
𝑅 𝐴=
0 0 1 2/3 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝐴=3
0 0 0 0

[ ]
1 0 0
0 1 0 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝐵=
0 0 1
0 0 0 B is a basis of V.

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