0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views

Structural Analysis2

Uploaded by

Ralph Adrian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views

Structural Analysis2

Uploaded by

Ralph Adrian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 56

Analysis of Structures

10/11/23
 Structure: a device that is made up of several
connected parts and whose function is to support load
 Ideally structures are designed to be in equilibrium at
rest

 External forces: Forces applied to a structure


 These external forces have to be transmitted, through
the different members that make up the structure, to the
supports

 Internal Forces: process of transmitting the external


forces within the members.
 may be viewed as actions and reactions between the
molecules of the structural members (Newton's Third
Law)
 When a structure is in equilibrium, every part of the
structure is also in equilibrium.

 When a free body diagram of the entire structure is drawn,


only the external forces (applied forces and support
reactions) will act on the structure.

 If a free body diagram of a part of the structure is drawn,


the external forces acting on that part and the internal
forces, which represent the effect of the removed part on
the part being drawn, will be shown on the free body
diagram.

 Note that the internal force is in effect an external force on


the free body diagram since it is exposed.
 Note: BE is a two force body, hence F BE must be
acted along the member and we know its direction
(single force of known direction). Member CE is a
three force body. Note that FBE, FCE and FCD can
only be considered if looking at equilibrium of the
dismembered structure. For equilibrium of the entire
structure, these internal forces do not come into
play. Also observe that the internal forces cancel out
if the dismembered structure is reassembled.
Analysis of Trusses
 Trusses: structures that consist of straight pin-jointed
members and are designed to support loads over large
spans
 No member is continuous over a joint and all the loads are
assumed to be applied only at the joints
 Individual members of a truss are typically slender and
incapable of supporting a lot of load on their own, hence
the requirement that the load must be applied to the joints.
Application of loads only to the pinned joints reduces every
member of a truss to a two-force body and each member
is either in tension or compression.
Practical Applications
 Roofs in Buildings

 Bridges

 Cranes

 Transmission Masts / Towers


Objective
 Student shall be able to identify and draw the following
types of trusses:

 Pratt Truss  Fink Truss

 Howe Truss  Baltimore Truss

 Warren Truss  K-Truss


 Differentiate between a roof and bridge truss.
 Plane Truss: A truss with all the members and applied
loads in the plane

 The basic element of a truss is the triangle as this


constitutes a rigid, non-collapsible frame.

 Simple Truss: A truss that can be built from the basic


triangular element is called a simple truss.
 Truss analysis involves the determination of the
magnitude of the forces in the members and whether
the member is in tension or compression.

 A truss is said to be statically determinate if all the


unknown forces and reactions can be determined from
equilibrium considerations.

 Otherwise the truss is statically indeterminate


(contains additional members or supports that are not
necessary to maintain equilibrium) or unstable
(contains fewer number of members or support than
are required to maintain equilibrium).
 Note that the total number of unknown forces (forces
in the members) and unknown reactions will be equal
to b + r, where b = # of members in the truss &
 r = number of reactions at the supports.

 Since the truss is in equilibrium, every part of it must


be in equilibrium. Considering the equilibrium of a
pinned joint (which is in effect a particle), there are two
independent equations of equilibrium for the joint. If
the total number of joints in the truss is j, then there
are a total of 2j independent equations of equilibrium.
Hence we have that:
 b + r - 2j = 0 ==> Truss is statically determinate
 b + r - 2j > 0 ==> Truss is statically indeterminate
 b + r - 2j < 0 ==> Truss is unstable
Truss Analysis Methods

 Method of Joints

 Method of sections
Method of Joints
 involves the consideration of equilibrium of each joint in a
truss in a systematic manner and determining the forces in
the members of the truss
 Check if truss is statically determinate, i.e. b + r - 2j =0.
 Calculate the support reactions by considering equilibrium
of the entire truss.
 Select a joint with not more than two unknowns and
determine the forces at the joint by using equilibrium
equations: SFx = 0; SFy = 1
 Repeat step (c) until all the member forces have been
determined.
 Clearly identify the member forces by using negative sign
for compression and the positive sign for tension.
Method of Joints

Note:
 that while statically determinate simple trusses can be easily
analyzed using the method of joints,

 compound trusses will require the solutions of large numbers


of simultaneous equations before the forces in the members
can be determined using the method of joints. Compound
trusses should be analyzed using a combination of methods of
joints and methods of sections.
Example Problem 6.6 (Beer & Johnston Page 283)

 Using the method of joints,


determine the force in each
member of the truss shown. State
whether each is in tension or
compression.

 Required: Forces in the


members using the method of
Joints.
Example Q 2

 Required: Forces in members jointed at H.


Forces in members CG and DF.
Example Problem 6.12

 Using the method of  Compute Support Reactions


joints, determine the force
in each member of the  Consider equilibrium of the
truss shown. State
entire truss
whether each is in tension
or compression.
 Required: Forces in each
truss member.
Joints under Special Loading Conditions
 Recognition of joints with special features will facilitate and
speed-up the analysis of a truss. Special care must however
be exercised in using these information.

 CASE 1:
• 4 members lying in two
intersecting straight lines.

• No force on joint.

FAB = FAD
FAC = FAE
Case 2:

 Joint connecting three members, two of which lie along a


straight line. Force P acts along the third member.
 FAB = FAD
 FAC = P
Case 3: Zero force members

 Joint connecting three members,


two of which lie along a straight
line. No force on joint.
 FAB = FAD
 FAC = 0
 Member AC is said to be a zero-
force member. Although zero-
force members do not carry any
load, they help to give the truss
its rigidity.
Case 4:

 Joint connecting two members


which lie on a straight line: No
force on joint.

 FAB = FAC
Case 4:
 AB and AC must be zero force members. Joint connecting two
members which do not lie on a straight line. No force acting on
joint. Joint A can only be in
equilibrium if it is acted upon by
two forces of equal magnitude,
same lines of action and opposite
sense. This is not possible the
way the members are joined at
A; hence, for equilibrium, both
members must be zero force
members.
Example

 Consider Joint C, FBC = 0; FCA = FCE


 Consider Joint B, FBE = 0; FBA = FBD

 Consider Joint E, FED = 0; FEC = FEG

 Consider Joint K, FKJ = 0; FKI = FKL

 Consider Joint J, FJI = 0; FJH = FJL

 Consider Joint I, FIH = 0; FIG = FIK

 Consider Joint H, FHG = -50kN; FHF = FHJ


Note, there is nothing special about joint D:
Example Problem 6.8 (Bedford & Fowler Page 286)
 The load F=10 kN. Determine the axial forces in the members.

 Required: Axial forces in the members, indicating if tension or


compression
Example Problem 6.17 (Bedford & Fowler Page 287)
 Determine the axial forces in the members in terms of the
weight W.

 Required: Axial forces in the members, stating if tension or


compression.
Analysis of Trusses by Method of Sections
 The method of joints is used when the forces in every member
of the truss is required and involves the consideration of
equilibrium of each joint which is treated as a particle. When
the forces in only a one, two or three members of the truss are
required, the method of sections provide a more efficient way of
carrying in the analysis. The method involves the consideration
of equilibrium of a part of the truss obtained by passing an
imaginary plane through the members we are interested in.
This exposes the internal forces in these members and by
considering the equilibrium of either part of the truss, the forces
in the members can be determined.
 Recall that there are three independent equilibrium equation for
a 2-D rigid body. Hence, the cutting plane should be chosen
such that there the number of unknowns do not exceed three.
Summary of Procedure
 Check that the truss is statically determinate
 Calculate the support reactions using fbd of the entire structure
 Pass an imaginary cutting plane through not more than three
members.
 Using equilibrium equations, calculate the forces in the
members that were cut by the imaginary planes. To eliminate
from the equilibrium equation, take moments about a point on
its line of action; to eliminate two unknown forces, take
moments about the point of intersection of the lines of action of
the two forces.
 Note: The cutting plane can pass through 4 or more members
if two or more of the members so cut are collinear (see
Problems 6.61-6.64, Page 298, Beer and Johnston). Also keep
in mind that compound trusses may best be analysed by
combining the method of joints and the method of sections.
Example Problem 6.41

 Required: Forces in members DE and AE.


Example Problem 6.38
 Required:
 Identify the zero force members.

 Determine the forces in FK and JO.


Space Trusses
 three dimensional structures consisting of pin-jointed members and is
loaded only at the joints.
 Basic building block is a tetrahedron consisting of six bars.
 Since members are all two-force bodies, they are subjected to only
axial forces (tension or compression). The pin-joints are ball-and-
socket joints.
 Method of joints can be used to consider equilibrium of each joint, i.e.
SF = 0 (Three equations) ==> joints being analyzed must have no
more than three unknown forces.
 Support reactions must be properly identified for given problems.
 Method of sections can be used provided that the cutting plane does
not pass through more than six members because a total of six
independent equations of equilibrium are available (SF = 0 and SM =
0).
Example Problem 6.38 (Beer & Johnston
Page 288)
 Given: The truss shown consists of nine members and is
supported by a ball and socket at A, two short links at B, and a
short link at C.

 Required: Determine the force in each of the members for the


given loading.
Analysis of Frames and Machines in 2-D

 Frames and machines are structures which contain at


least one multi-force member (i.e., a member with forces
acting at three or more points on it ).
 Frames are designed to support load and are usually at
rest.
 Machines are generally designed to transmit and modify
forces and will usually contain moving parts.
 The forces on frames and machines can be applied to
the members or joints (not just on joints, as is the case
for trusses).
Analysis of Frames and Machines in 2-D (2)

 In analyzing a rigid frame, it may be more convenient to


dismember it and consider the equilibrium of its constituent
members. Recall that if a structure is in equilibrium, then every
part of it (every member, every joint) will also be in equilibrium.
In general, every multiforce member of a 2-D frame will have 3
independent equations of equilibrium:
  Fx = 0
  Fy = 0
  M = 0 (Moments arise from the application of loads along the
members)
Analysis of Frames and Machines in 2-D (3)
 The best way to determine the degree of statical redundancy
(indeterminacy) of a frame or machine is to dismember it
 draw the free body diagram of each constituent multiforce
member and count the total number of unknown forces.
 Since each multiforce member has 3 independent equations of
equilibrium (in 2-D), there will be three times as many
independent equations of equilibrium as there are multiforce
members. The difference between the total number of
independent equations of equilibrium and the total number of
unknown forces gives the degree of statical redundancy.
 Recall that for statically determinate structures, the degree of
statical redundancy is equal to zero.
Analysis of Frames and Machines in 2-D (4)
 For frames that have an external load applied at a joint which
connects multiple members, the entire external load may be
applied to only one of the members at the joint and must be
treated separately from the forces that the members exert at
one another at the joint.
 Recall that the forces that members exert on each other are
always equal in magnitude, have the same line of action but
opposite sense (Newton's 3rd Law).
 Regardless of the member on which the entire external load at
a joint is placed, the total load at each point of the frame will be
the same.
Example Problem 6.56

 Required: Determine the components of all forces acting on


member ABCD when q = 0.
Example Problem 6.64

 Required: Determine all forces exerted on member AI if the frame is loaded


by clockwise couple of magnitude 230 Nm applied (a) at point D, (b) at point
E.
Problem 6.85 (B&F Page 321)

 Required: Determine the forces on AD.


Problem 6.93 (B&F Page 323)

 Required: Determine the force exerted on the bolt by the bolt cutters and the
magnitude of the force the members exert on each other at the pin
connection A.
Problem 6.76 (Beer & Johnston Page 310)

 Required: For the frame and loading shown, determine the


force acting on memberABC (a) at B, (b) at C.
Problem 6.100 (Beer & Johnston Page 313)

 Required: For the frame


and loading shown,
determine the components
of all forces acting on
member ABE.
Example Problem 6.58
 Given: The low-bed trailer shown is designed so that the rear end of the
bed can be lowered to ground level in order to facilitate the loading of
equipment or wrecked vehicles. A 14000-kg vehicle has been hauled to
the position shown by a winch; the trailer is the returned to a traveling
position where a = 0 and both AB and BE are horizontal.

 Required:
Considering only the
weight of the
disabled automobile,
determine the force
which must be
exerted by the
hydraulic cylinder to
maintain a position
with a = 0.
Problem 6.59

 Required: For the


marine crane
shown, which is
used in offshore
drilling operations,
determine (a) the
force in link CD, (b)
the force in the
brace AC, (c) the
force exerted at A
on the boom AB.
Problem 6.70 (B&F Page 318)
 Required: Determine the
forces on member ABC.
Obtain the answers in
two ways:
 (a) draw the free-body
diagrams of the
individual members,
place the 400 N load on
the free-body diagram of
member ABC.
 (b) draw the free-body
diagrams of the
individual members,
place the 400 N load on
the free-body diagram of
member CD.
Analysis of Machines
 Machines are designed to transmit and modify forces and usually
have moving members.

 The analysis procedure is similar to that for frames as the machine


needs to be dismembered and the equilibrium of several parts
considered by using their free-body diagrams.

 The free-body diagrams should be chosen to include the input


forces and the reactions to the output forces.
 Consider a pair of pliers that is used to cut a wire.
 Typically a>>b
 Given that P = 5 N, a= 250 mm and b = 25 mm, calculate the force Q that cuts
the wire and the reaction force at the pivot pin A.

 P is the input force


 Q is the output force

 R is the reaction to the

output force .
 Note that Q = R
Free-body diagrams of
the two parts that make up the plier
Example 6.10 (B&F Page 314)

 Required: What forces are exerted on the bolt at E in Fig. 6.40


as a result of the 150 N forces on the pliers?
Problem 6.104

 Given: A 3600-kg steel ingot


is lifted by a pair of tongs as
shown.

 Required: Determine the


forces exerted at C and E on
tong BCE.
Example Problem 6.62 (B&F Page 316)

 Required: For the frame shown, determine the reactions at the built-in
support A and the force exerted on the structure by the smooth floor
at C.
Example Problem 6.68 (B&F Page 317)

 Given: A football player


works out with a 'squat
thrust' machine. To rotate
the bar ABD, he must
exert a vertical force at A
such that the axial force
in member BC is 1100 N.

 Required: When the bar


is on the verge of
rotating, what force does
he exert at A and what
forces are exerted on
member CDE at D?
Problem 6.88 (B&F Page 322)

 Given: The weight W =


300kN.

 Required: What is the


magnitude of the force the
members exert on each
other at D?
Problem 6.92 (B&F Page 323)
 Given: The scoop C of the front-end loader is supported by two
identical arms, one on each side of the loader. One of the two
arms (ABC) is visible in the figure. It is supported by a pin
supported at A and the hydraulic actuator BD. The sum of the
other loads exerted on the arm, including its own weight, is F =
1.6 kN.

 Required:
Determine the
axial force in the
actuator BD and
magnitude of the
reaction at A.
262)

 Given: The shear shown is


used to cut and trim
electronic-circuit-board
laminates.

 Required: For the position


shown, determine (a) the
vertical component of force
exerted on the shearing
blade at D, (b) the reaction
at C.
Example Problem 6.99 (Beer & Johnston Page 262)
 Given: The control rod CE passes through a horizontal hole in
the body of the toggle clamp shown.

 Required: Determine (a) the force Q required to hold the clamp


in equilibrium, (b) the corresponding force in link BD.

You might also like