Input and Output Statements

Chapter - 3

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 3.1 Input – Output Functions
C provides a library of functions called
standard input-output library to
perform input-output operations
The header file containing such library
functions is called stdio.h
There are two types of I/O functios
◦ Formatted I/O functions
◦ Unformatted I/O functions

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 TYPE INPUT FUNCTIONS OUTPUT FUNCTIONS

Formatted scanf() printf()

Unformatted getchar() putchar()
gets() puts()

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 3.2 Formatted Input
C provides a scanf() to read the values for
the variables from the Keyboard
It is included in the header file <stdio.h>
The general form is
scanf(“control
string”,address_list);
Where control string  specifies the type
of values to be supplied to variables
Address_list specifies the address of
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locations where data is stored
 Rules
The control string must be enclosed
within a pair of double quotes
For every input variable, there must be
one character group
Each character group should begin with a
% and followed by a conversion character
Address_list contains address of input
variables

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 Each input variable must be preceded by
an ampersand(&)
All address_list variables are separated by
commas
Address_list is not enclosed within
double quotes
Values for address_list variables should
match in number, type and order of the
variables
There must be comma to separate the
control string and the address_list
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 Character group Meaning
%c Read a single character

%d Read a decimal integer

%e Read a floating – point number

%f Read a floating – point number

%g Read a floating – point number

%h Read a short int number

%i Read a decimal or hexadecimal or octal

number
%o Read a octal number

%p Read a pointer

%s Read a string

%u Read an unsigned integer

7 %x Read a hexadecimal number

Integer Input
In scanf %d character group is used to
input decimal integer data through
standard input device
Ex:
scanf(“%d”,&number);
 The field specification for reading an
integer number is
% w sd
The % indicates that a conversion
specification follows
w is an integer that specifies the field
width of the number to be read
d indicates the datatype character indicates
the number to be read
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The field specification means the number of
columns reserved for the number to be input.
Ex:
scanf(“%5d”,&number
);

scanf(“%3d”,&number
If the input number is more than the
);
specified fields then the extra digits are not
stored.
 An asterisk symbol between % symbol
and the field specifier is used to skip an
input number without assigning it to its
respective variable.
Ex:

scanf(“%d%*d%d”,&a,&b,&c);

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Floating-point Input
In scanf %f character group is used to
input float data through standard input
device
Ex:

scanf(“%f”,&number);
 For inputting double type numbers
control character %lf must be used.
Ex:

scanf(“%lf”,&number);

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 Character Input
The field specification for reading a string
or character is
% ws or %wc
Some versions of scanf support the
following conversion specification for
strings
%[characters]
%[^characters]
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  %[characters] means that only
characters specified within the brackets are
permissible in the input string and any other
character will result in termination

 means the specified

%[^characters]
characters are not permitted in the input string
and reading of the string will be terminated at
the encounter of one of these characters

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 Mixed Mode Input
scanf() can be used to accept more than
one type of data(mixed mode)
The number of input variables, datatype
and their order in control string and
address_list must be same
Ex: scanf(“%d %s
%f”,&id,b_name,&price);
23 C 150.50

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 3.3 Formatted Output
C provides a printf() to write the values
for the variables
It is included in the header file <stdio.h>
The general form is
printf(“control
string”,address_list);
Where control string  specifies the type
of values to be supplied to variables
Address_list specifies the address of
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locations where data is stored
 Integer Output
Right justified
printf(“%5d”,&no) 1 2 3
;

Left justified
printf(“%- 1 2 3
5d”,&no);

Leading spaces padded with 0

printf(“%05d”,&no) 0 0 1 2 3
18 ;
 Floating-point Output

printf(“%f”,&no); 5 4 . 6 7 4

printf(“%5.2f”,&no 5 4 . 6 7
);
printf(“%5.1f”,&no 5 4 . 6
);
printf(“%- 5 4 . 7
19 5.1f”,&no);
 Character Output
A single character can be displayed to the
output device using %c in printf()
Ex: char ch; printf(“%c”,ch);

A group of characters (string) can be

displayed to the output device using %s in
printf()
Ex: char bookname[20];

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printf(“%s”,bookname);
 printf(“%s”,bookname);
P R O G R M M I N G I N c

printf(“%20.10s”,bookname);
P R O G R M M I N

printf(“%-20.10s”,bookname);
P R O G R M M I N
 3.4 Unformatted Input Functions
Reading a single character can be done by
using the function getchar()

variable_name = getchar();

Ex: char name;

name=getchar();

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 Reading a string can be done by using the
function gets()

gets(variable_name);

Ex: char name[10];

gets(name);

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 3.5 Unformatted Output Functions
Writing a single character can be done by
using the function putchar()

putchar(variable_name);

Ex: char name;

name=getchar();
putchar(name);
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 Writing a string can be done by using the
function puts()

puts(variable_name);

Ex: char name[10];

gets(name);
puts(name);
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