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OPERATING SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system or OS is a
software installed on a
computer's hard drive that
enables the computer hardware
to communicate and operate with
the computer software. Without a
computer operating system, a
computer and software programs
would be useless.
 Character User Interface Or
Command-line User Interface,
CUI is a way for users to
interact with computer
programs. It works by
allowing the user (client) to
issue commands as one or
more lines of text to a
program.
 Graphical User Interface, Or Gui
Modern operating systems use a graphical user
interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). It lets you use
your mouse to click icons, buttons, and menus, and
everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a
combination of graphics and text.
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1.Memory Management
2.Processor Management
3.Device Management
4.File Management
5.Security
6.Job Accounting
7.Control Over System Performance
8.Interaction with the Operators
9.Error-detecting Aids
10.Coordination Between Other Software and Users
11.Networking
Three Common Computer Operating
Systems

1. MICROSOFT WINDOWS
2. MACOS
3. . Linux
 1. MICROSOFT WINDOWS
also called Windows and Windows OS, computer operating system was
developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers.
Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975.
Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it
the most popular operating system in the world.
 The Evolution of Operating Systems :
DOS or Disk Operating System was the first
operating system used by IBM-compatible
computers. It was originally available in two
versions that were essentially the same, but
marketed under two different names.
PC-DOS was the version developed by IBM
and sold to the first IBM-compatible
manufacturers throughout 1980s. MS-DOS
was the version that Microsoft bought the
rights to, and was bundled with the first
versions of Windows.
Windows 1.0 was introduced in November 20,
1985. It was initially sold for $100. The use of
Windows 1.0 as a GUI meant that MS-DOS
users didn’t have to manually enter text
commands just to complete basic tasks.
Now, they could carry out
tasks and browse their own
files by just pointing and
clicking on icons and menus.
Just two years later, in 1987, the technology
company released Windows 2.0. This version of
Windows included such notable features as
overlapping windows, resizable windows, keyboard
shortcuts, and support for
VGA graphics. The first
Windows versions of Word
and Excel also made their
debut with Windows 2.0.
Windows 3.0 came out in 1990 and offered
256 color support. It features multitasking
DOS programs which may have contributed
to Windows’ flow in popularity.
Another notable feature of
Windows 3.0 is that it’s
the version that saw the
first appearance of the
classic desktop game Solitaire.
 In 1992, Windows 3.1
delivered quite a few
new and essential
features, such as
support for TrueType
fonts, the ability to
drag and drop icons.
 Windows 95 came out in 1995. It was the first 32-bit
version of Windows (previous versions had been 16-
bit) new features include the taskbar, the Start menu,
long file names, and plug-and-play capabilities in
which peripheral devices only needed
to be connected to a PC in order to
work properly. Windows 95 also
saw the introduction of Microsoft’s
web browser, Internet Explorer.
 Windows 98 came out in
1998. It offers support for a
number of new
technologies. It’s most
visible feature is the web
browser’s and other
internet-based programs
and tools, such as Outlook
Express, Microsoft Chat.
 Windows 2000 had a real focus on
accessibility and introduced several
features to the OS, including Sticky
Keys, a high-contrast theme, Microsoft
Magnifier, an on-screen keyboard, and
a screen reader known as Microsoft
Narrator. It allows users to choose the
language in which their display would
be viewed. The users could choose
from a variety of languages, including
Arabic, Japanese, and Greek.
 Windows ME stands for
―Millennium Edition. Some
of its useful tool includes
System Restore, a recovery
feature that, in the event
your computer starts having
problems due to a poorly
executed installation of a
program or update, updates
can be remove and restore
your computer back to how
it was before .
 Windows XP was released in 2001 and is
widely considered to be great among the
versions of Windows that Microsoft had
to offer. There were two main versions of
the OS. Home was for personal use, and
Professional was geared toward being
used in work settings. Some features
include plug and play and utilization of
the 802.11x wireless security standard
networks for connecting wireless LANS.
Vista was released in
2007. It introduced
some helpful features,
though, like Windows
Defender, DirectX 10 (for
PC gaming), speech
recognition, and
Windows DVD Maker.
Windows 7 was launched on
2009. Enhancements and new
features include multi-touch
support, Internet Explorer 8,
improved performance and
start-up time, Aero Snap, Aero
Shake, support for virtual hard
disks, a new and improved
Windows Media Center, and
improved security.
Windows 8 was released on 2012
and is a completely redesigned
operating system. User interface
primarily consists of a Start screen
made up of Live Tiles, which links
to applications and features that
are dynamic and updated in real
time, the ability to log in with a
Microsoft account, support for
USB 3.0 and an actual lock screen.
Windows 10 came out in 2015.
Some features of Windows 10
included the introduction of
Cortana, a native digital
personal assistant; the ability to
switch between tablet and
desktop mode; and a new web
browser called Microsoft Edge.
MACOS – Macintosh OS previously called OS
X, is a line of operating systems created by
Apple. It comes preloaded on all Macintosh
computers, or Macs. Some of the specific
versions include Mojave (released in 2018),
High Sierra (2017), and Sierra (2016). Steve
Jobs is the co-founder and chief executive
officer of Apple Company.
MacOS users account for less than 10% of
global operating systems—much lower than
the percentage of Windows users (more than
80%). One reason for this is that Apple
computers tend to be more expensive.
However, many people do prefer the look and
feel of macOS over Windows.
3. Linux- (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-
source operating systems, which means they can be
modified and distributed by anyone around the
world. This is different from proprietary software like
Windows, which can only be modified by the
company that owns it. The advantages of Linux are
that it is free, and there are many different
distributions or versions you can choose from. Linux
users account for less than 2% of global operating
systems. However, most servers run Linux because it's
relatively easy to customize. Linus Torvalds, a
software engineer is the creator and the principal
developer of the Linux.
DIRECTIONS: IN THE 1ST COLUMN LIST DOWN IN SEQUENCE
ORDER THE EVOLUTION OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
WHILE IN THE NEXT COLUMN WRITE THE FEATURES OF THAT
OPERATING SYSTEM.
WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES