Chapter 3:

Network Protocols and

Communications

Introduction to Networks

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 Chapter 3: Objectives

Students will be able to:

 Explain how rules are used to facilitate communication.
 Explain the role of protocols and standards
organizations in facilitating interoperability in network
communications.
 Explain how devices on a LAN access resources in a
small to medium-sized business network.

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Chapter 3
3.1 Rules of Communication
3.2 Network Protocols and Standards
3.3 Moving Data in the Network
3.4 Summary

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The Rules
What is Communication?

3 common elements of comm. methods: msg source, destination, channel

Prior to communicating,
they must agree on how
to communicate:
• Language
• Format
• speed

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The Rules
Establishing the Rules
Once there is an agreed upon method of communicating
(face-to-face, telephone, letter, photography), the protocols
put in place must account for the following requirements:

 An identified sender and receiver

 Agreed upon method of communicating (face-to-face,
telephone, letter, photograph)
 Common language and grammar
 Speed and timing of delivery
 Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements

The protocols that are used in network communications share many of the
fundamental traits as those protocols used to govern successful human conversations
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The Rules
Message Encoding
common computer protocols include: encoding, formatting and encapsulating,
size, timing, delivery options

Encoding is the process of

converting information into
another, acceptable form,
for transmission.

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The Rules
Message Formatting and Encapsulation
Example: Personal letter contains the following elements:
 An identifier of the recipient In many cultures, a personal letter
contains the following elements:
 A salutation or greeting
 The message content
 A closing phrase
 An identifier of the sender

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The Rules
Message Size
The size restrictions of frames require the source host to break
a long message into individual pieces that meet both the
minimum and maximum size requirements.
This is known as segmenting.
Each segment is encapsulated in a separate frame with the
address information, and is sent over the network.
At the receiving host, the messages are de-encapsulated and
put back together to be processed and interpreted.

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The Rules
Message Timing
 Access Method – when to send
 Flow Control – how much info and at what speed
 Response Timeout – how long to wait for a response

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The Rules
Message Delivery Options
A message may need to be best delivered in different ways, as shown

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Protocols
Rules that Govern Communications
Just like in human communication, the various network and computer protocols must
be able to interact and work together for network communication to be successful.

• A group of inter-related
protocols necessary to
perform a communication
function is called a protocol
suite.

• Protocol suites are

implemented by hosts and
networking devices in
software, hardware or both.

• A protocol stack shows how

the individual protocols within
a suite are implemented.

• Figure: layers to describe the

activity occurring in our face-
to-face communication
example.
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Protocols
Network Protocols
 Networking protocols define a common format and set of
rules for exchanging messages between devices.
 Networking protocols describe the following processes:

• How the message is formatted or structured

• The process by which networking devices share information about
pathways with other networks
• How and when error and system messages are passed between
devices
• The setup and termination of data transfer sessions

• Some common networking protocols are IP, HTTP, and DHCP.

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Protocols
Interaction of Protocols
 An example of using the protocol suite in network
communications is the interaction between a web server and
a web client.
• This interaction uses a number of protocols and standards in
the process of exchanging information between them; for
example:

• Application Protocol – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• Transport Protocol – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Internet Protocol – Internet Protocol (IP)
• Network Access Protocols – Data Link & Physical layers

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Protocol Suites
Protocol Suites and Industry Standards
• A protocol suite may be specified by a standards organization
or developed by a vendor.

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Protocol Suites
Creation of Internet, Development of TCP/IP
• The IP suite is a suite of protocols required for
transmitting and receiving information using the Internet.

The first packet switching network

and predecessor to today’s
Internet was the Advanced
Research Projects Agency
Network (ARPANET), which
came to life in 1969 by
connecting mainframe computers
at four locations.

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Protocol Suites
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Communication
Today, the suite includes dozens of protocols:

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Network Protocols and Standards
Standards Organizations
Standards organizations are usually vendor-neutral, non-profit
organizations established to develop and promote the concept
of open standards.

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Standards Organizations
Open Standards
 Standards organizations include:

 The Internet Society (ISOC) - provide leadership in Internet-related

standards, education, access, and policy
 The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) - a committee of the Internet
Engineering Task Force and an advisory body of the Internet Society
 The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) - develops and
promotes voluntary Internet standards, in particular the standards that
comprise the Internet protocol suite
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 The International Organization for Standards (ISO)

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Standards Organizations
ISOC, IAB, and IETF

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Standards Organizations
IEEE
 38 societies
 130 journals
 1,300 conferences each year
 1,300 standards and projects
 400,000 members
 160 countries
 IEEE 802.3
 IEEE 802.11

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Standards Organizations
ISO

ISO (from Greek word “isoc =

equal”, the International
Organization for
Standardization, is the world’s
largest developer of
international standards for a
wide variety of products and
services.

Known for its layered

framework for protocols
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Standards Organizations
Other Standards Organization
 The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
 The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
 The International Telecommunications Union –
Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
 The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN)
 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

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Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model

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Reference Models
The TCP/IP Reference Model

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Reference Models
Comparing the OSI and TCP/IP Models

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Data Encapsulation
Communicating the Messages
 Segmenting message benefits
Different conversations can be interleaved
Increased reliability of network communications

 Segmenting message disadvantage

Increased level of complexity

As application data is passed down the protocol stack on its way to be

transmitted across the network media, various protocols add
information to it at each level. This is commonly known as the
encapsulation process.

The form that a piece of data takes at any layer is called a protocol data
unit (PDU).

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Data Encapsulation
Protocol Data Units (PDUs)
 Data
 Segment
 Packet
 Frame
 Bits

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Data Encapsulation
Encapsulation

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Data Encapsulation
De-encapsulation

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Moving Data in the Network
Accessing Local Resources
The network layer and data link layer are responsible for delivering the
data from the source device or sender, to the destination device or
receiver.

Protocols at both layers contain source and destination addresses, but

their addresses have different purposes.

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Accessing Local Resources
Network Addresses & Data Link addresses
 Network Address
Source IP address
Destination IP address

 Data Link Address

Source data link address
Destination data link address

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Accessing Local Resources
Communicating with Device / Same Network

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Accessing Local Resources
MAC and IP Addresses

R1
192.168.1.1
11-11-11-11-11-11
ARP
Request
PC1 S1 R1
192.168.1.110
AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA

PC2
192.168.1.111
BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB

FTP Server
192.168.1.9
CC-CC-CC-CC-CC-CC

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Accessing Remote Resources
Default Gateway

PC 1 R2
R1 172.16.1.99
192.168.1.110 192.168.1.1
AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA 22-22-22-22-22-22
11-11-11-11-11-11

Web Server
172.16.1.99
AB-CD-EF-12-34-56

PC 2 FTP Server
192.168.1.111 192.168.1.9
BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB CC-CC-CC-CC-CC-CC

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Accessing Remote Resources
Communicating Device / Remote Network

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Accessing Remote Resources
Using Wireshark to View Network Traffic

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Network Protocols and Communications
Summary
In this chapter, you learned:
 Data networks are systems of end devices, intermediary
devices, and the media connecting the devices. For
communication to occur, these devices must know how to
communicate.
 These devices must comply with communication rules and
protocols. TCP/IP is an example of a protocol suite.
 Most protocols are created by a standards organization such
as the IETF or IEEE.
 The most widely-used networking models are the OSI and
TCP/IP models.

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Network Protocols and Communications
Summary
In this chapter, you learned:
 Data that passes down the stack of the OSI model is
segmented into pieces and encapsulated with addresses and
other labels. The process is reversed as the pieces are de-
encapsulated and passed up the destination protocol stack.
 The OSI model describes the processes of encoding,
formatting, segmenting, and encapsulating data for
transmission over the network.
 The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard protocol that
has been endorsed by the networking industry and ratified, or
approved, by a standards organization.

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38
Network Protocols and Communications
Summary
In this chapter, you learned:
 The Internet Protocol Suite is a suite of protocols required for
transmitting and receiving information using the Internet.
 Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are named according to the
protocols of the TCP/IP suite: data, segment, packet, frame,
and bits.
 Applying models allows individuals, companies, and trade
associations to analyze current networks and plan the
networks of the future.

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