Chapter five

Java Database Connectivity

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Objective:
To introduce database systems,
and how to develop database
applications using Java.

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 Introduction
 Database is an organized collection of data.
 DBMS provides a mechanism to store, retrieve, organize
and modify data for many users.
 Relational database – data is stored without consideration
of its physical structure.
 SQL - a language used with relational database to perform
queries & to manipulate data.
 E.g of RDBMSs: SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, DB2,
MySQL, etc
 Integrity Constraints - imposes a condition that all the
legal values in a table must satisfy.

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 Introduction (cont’d)
Three types of constraints: domain constraints,
primary key constraints, and foreign key
constraints.
 Domain constraints specify the permissible values for an
attribute.
 The foreign key constraints define the relationships among
relations.

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Introduction (cont’d)

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 JDBC
 The Java API for developing Java database applications is
called JDBC.
 JDBC provides Java programmers with a uniform interface
for accessing and manipulating a wide range of relational
databases.
 Using the JDBC API, applications written in the Java can
execute SQL statements, retrieve results, present data in a
user-friendly interface, and propagate changes back to the
database.
 The JDBC API can also be used to interact with multiple
data sources in a distributed, heterogeneous environment.

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JDBC (cont’d)

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 Developing Database Applications
 The JDBC API is a Java application program interface to
generic SQL databases.
 The JDBC API consists of classes and interfaces for:
 Establishing connections with databases,
 Sending SQL statements to databases,
 Processing the results of the SQL statements, and
 Obtaining database metadata.

 Four key interfaces are needed to develop any database

application using Java: Driver, Connection, Statement, and
ResultSet.
 The JDBC API defines these interfaces.
 The JDBC driver vendors provide implementation for them.
Programmers use the interfaces.

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 Developing Database Applications (cont’d)

 A JDBC application:
 loads an appropriate driver using the Driver interface,
 connects to the database using the Connection interface,
 creates and executes SQL statements using the Statement
interface, and
 processes the result using the ResultSet interface if the
statements return results.

 Note that some statements, such as SQL data

definition statements and SQL data modification
statements, do not return results.

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 Developing Database Applications (cont’d)

 1. Loading drivers
 An appropriate driver must be loaded using the
statement shown below before connecting to a
database.
 Class.forName("JDBCDriverClass");
Database Driver Class

Access sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver

MySQL com.mysql.jdbc.Driver

Oracle oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver

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 Developing Database Applications (cont’d)

 2. Establishing connections.
 To connect to a database, use the static method
getConnection(databaseURL) in the DriverManager
class, as follows:
 Connection connection =
DriverManager.getConnection(databaseURL);
 Example:
 Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection
("jdbc:odbc:ExampleMDBDataSource");
 Connection connection =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost/javabook
", "scott", "tiger");

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Developing Database Applications (cont’d)

Database URL Pattern

Access jdbc:odbc:dataSource
MySQL jdbc:mysql://hostname/dbname
Oracle jdbc:oracle:thin:@hostname:port#:oracleDBSID

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 Developing Database Applications (cont’d)

3. Creating Statements
 If a Connection object can be envisioned as a cable
linking your program to a database, an object of
Statement can be viewed as a cart that delivers SQL
statements for execution by the database and brings
the result back to the program
 Once a Connection object is created, you can create
statements for executing SQL statements as follows:
 Statement statement = connection.createStatement();

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 Developing Database Applications (cont’d)

4. Executing Statements
 SQL DDL or update statement can be executed using
executeUpdate(String sql)
 SQL query statement can be executed using
executeQuery(String sql).
 The result of the query is returned in ResultSet.
 For example, the following code executes the SQL
statement create table Temp (col1 char(5), col2 char(5)):
 statement.executeUpdate("create table Temp (col1 char(5), col2
char(5))");

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 Developing Database Applications (cont’d)

 The next code executes the SQL query select firstName,

mi, lastName from Student where lastName = 'Smith':
// Select the columns from the Student table
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery
("select firstName, mi, lastName from Student where lastName "
+ " = 'Smith'");

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 Developing Database Applications (cont’d)

 5. Processing ResultSet
 The ResultSet maintains a table whose current row can be
retrieved.
 The initial row position is null.
 You can use the next method to move to the next row and
the various get methods to retrieve values from a current
row.
 For example, the code given below displays all the results
from the preceding SQL query.
// Iterate through the result and print the student names
while (resultSet.next())
System.out.println(resultSet.getString(1) + " " +
resultSet.getString(2) + ". " + resultSet.getString(3));

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