LODGING AND

ACCOMMODATION SECTOR
 ACCOMMODATION
• It is defined as:
[n.] the act of accommodating or the state of being accommodated
[n.] something that meets a need; a convenience;
[n.] room and board; lodgings

• People who travel and stay away from home for more than a day need
lodging mainly for sleeping:

Other purposes include:

• For safety
• Shelter for cold and rain
• Having a place to store luggage
• Being able to take a shower
Brief History of Accommodation
• The history of lodging can be traced back to the civilizations of Sumerian and
Egypt
• One of the reasons: Early traders need a temporary place to stay while they
are away from home.
• Stopping points were established where different trading routes intersected.

• These stopping points became trading centers in itself.

• Because of the journey segments, lodging facilities became a need.
• They were called:
Relay houses in China
Khans in Persia
Tabernas in Rome
Brief History of Accommodation
• At some point, Innkeepers began to incorporate food and beverage service.
This led to a change in the way people traveled.

• The development of the Roman network of roads that crisscrossed Europe,

Asia and Africa also contributed to the robust development of lodging and
accommodation.

• As the evolution of lodging continued, the wealthy and landed aristocracy in

the world began to view the many spare rooms in their castles and estates as
sources of revenue. This is to assist them in maintaining these expensive
holdings.
The City Hotel
• The so called precursor of the
modern hotel –
• Built in New York in 1794, it is a
significant milestone in the
evolution of lodging because its
sole purpose was to house
guests.
• The City Hotel’s 73 rooms made
it quite large for its time
 The Tremont House in Boston
• It was built in 1828. It is considered by
many as the first 5 - star hotel in the
world. Its amenities offered such as in
– room water pitchers and free soap is
considered to be revolutionary.
• In 1908, Ellsworth Statler opened what
many believed to be the first “modern
hotel” – the Buffalo Statler Hotel in
1908 because of its modern innovation.
• Those innovations included: Fire doors,
Light switches, Private bathrooms, Key
holes for easy access, Circulating hot
and cold water, Full – length mirror,
Morning newspaper
Mobley Hotel(1925)
• In Cisco Texas – the first hotel
purchased by Conrad Hilton – the
patriarch of the Hilton Chain of
Hotels, one of Ellsworth Stalter’s
rival
• J. Willard Marriott who started in
the restaurant business first, opened
his first hotel called the Twin
Bridges in 1957.
• The first – ever Hyatt Hotel
Hyatt House was bought by Jay
Pritzker in 1957
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• APARTMENT HOTEL or APARTELLEA
• type of accommodation described as a “serviced” apartment complex that uses
hotel style booking system.
• It is similar to renting an apartment but with no fix contracts and occupants can
check out whenever they wish.
• HOSTEL
• Provides an accommodation where a guest can rent a bed, sometimes bunk bed
in a dormitory and share a bathroom, kitchen and, lounge.
• Frequented by students and those who are in a very tight budget.
• These dormitory-like accommodations or converted hotels usually offer low-
cost lodging in major cities.
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• HOTEL
• Is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short term basis;
• Provides a number of additional guest services such as a restaurant, a
swimming pool or a childcare;
• A structure that provides sleeping accommodation to travelers and that usually
provides dining facilities and housekeeping services.
3 OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TYPES OF
HOTEL
• Resort Hotel
• Business or Corporate Hotel
• Suite Hotel
RESORT HOTEL
• Cater primarily to leisure travelers
• They’re generally found in four environments
• Beaches;
• Near ski area
• In the desert
• Near theme parks and attractions
 TYPES OF RESORT HOTELS
• MEGA RESORTS a large resort hotel with very many facilities and
activities covering acres of land
• ALL-INCLUSIVE RESORT a resort that includes most or all of the
costs of staying there:
• lodging;
• some or all meals;
• activities etc.
• They usually have facilities for recreational activities:
• Swimming pool
• Tennis courts
• Golf course
• Dining facilities
TYPES OF RESORT HOTELS
• SPA RESORTS
• Provides extensive facilities for massages, facials, fitness activities and
healthy dining.
• SKI RESORTS
• Provides a site and facilities to serve the needs of winter sports enthusiasts.
• CASINO RESORTS
• features extensive gaming opportunities in a destination where gambling is
legal
e.g. Las Vegas
• THEMED RESORTS
• Is one that has strong identity often tied to some other place or time
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• CONVERTED HOTELS or
PARADORES
• old castles, monasteries, nunneries
or even commercial buildings
reconfigured to accommodate
tourists.
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• BUSINESS or CORPORATE HOTEL
• target the needs of business travelers;
• features a business center;
• guest can send faxes;
• photocopying machines;
• arrange package deliveries
• guest rooms with spacious desks, multiple telephone, printer and computer
terminals;
• with at least dining facility on-site;
• caters to fitness and recreational needs;
• located to business parks ( clusters of buildings housing various companies) or
near to airports.
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• CONVENTION or MEETING HOTEL
• Such hotels have numerous meeting rooms and large ballrooms that can host
groups at any size. Usually located near city centers
• ALL-SUITE HOTEL
• all accommodations are suites instead of conventional rooms.
• SUITES are accommodations with at least two rooms (e.g. bed room and
living room with a wall between them, they may also feature kitchen-like
elements.)
Types of Suite Room
• JUNIOR SUITES
• large oversized rooms with separate sleeping and living areas although only a curtain,
railing, or other barrier that separate the two spaces
• in some cases, there’s no barrier at all – just a very big room all suite hotels maybe either
leisure or business or a mix of the two
• CORNER SUITE
• a suite that is located in the corner of a hotel building itself. this suite often takes up the
same area that two standard rooms would.
• BI – LEVEL SUITE
• a suite that takes up more square footage than standard rooms.
• instead of taking the horizontal square footage of the corner suite, they take up the vertical
area of two rooms.
Types of Suite Room
• HOSPITALITY SUITE
• intended to be more than a sleeping room. Hospitality Suites are intended to
entertain groups of people. they may include a kitchen and or bar area.
• the room themselves may take up the square footage of three or more standard
rooms.
• often, a standard room opens to the hospitality suite to serve as the sleeping
portion of the suite.
• PRESIDENTIAL SUITE
• Sometimes called the “Chairman’s Suite” or the “Royal Suite”.
• These suites are considered to be the best and the largest room in the hotel and
has the best amenities.
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• MOTELS
• also known as motor hotel or motorist hotel
• referred initially to a single rooms whose doors face a parking lot or common
area
• a series of small cabins with common parking
• the creation was driven by increased driving distances on the United States
highway system
• one would find “T” or “L” or “U” shape structure that included rooms, an
attached manager’s office, a reception which usually takes up a space of the
guest room and catching neon signs which employs pop culture themes
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• PENSION
• similar to guest houses / hostels or boarding houses
• this term is used in Spain, Italy and other countries as a synonym to cheap
hostels where one can usually get a room with shared bathroom.
• LIMITED - SERVICE LODGING
• a hybrid of a hotel and a motel, these modestly sized and economically priced
properties generally have rooms that open onto an interior hallway rather than
to the outside like in a motel
• rooms are simple with continental breakfast only.
• they seldom have pools or exercise facilities
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• EXTENDED – STAY LODGING
• Some of these properties offer daily housekeeping service,
whereas others provide it only once or twice a week only.
They normally attract:
• Business people on lengthy business trips;
• Those relocating to a new city and families;
• They feature a more home or apartment – like ambiance rather
than a do all suite hotels.
 TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• CONDOMINIUMS
• These are apartment – like facilities resemble to extended stay properties;
• The big difference is that instead of a company owning the lodging, the
individuals own each unit and also pay fees for the upkeep, security, landscaping,
and maintenance;
• But when the condo owners aren’t in the residence, they rent out their units to
travelers; Some provide housekeeping service but others don’t.
• TIMESHARES
• Here’s another sort of an apartment – type of lodging that is similar to condos
• Owners don’t purchase individual units, they own a certain amount of yearly time
at the property or even at the whole network of such properties
• Timeshare industry often goes by the name vacation ownership
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• Club
• is a variation of a time share
a company agrees to use the club or chain of clubs on a regular basis
• The commitment usually requires payment of a membership fee or deposit for
the agreed-upon room nights.
• Unlike timeshares, club provide full – service amenities
• They are value – priced.
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• BED AND BREAKFASTS [B&B’S]
• These home – like properties (often they are homes that has been converted)
charge guests who stay in a bedroom (sometimes with shared bath facilities)
and offer full breakfast in a communal dining room area or in the guest room.
• LODGES
• These properties are usually in rural, nature dominated settings. They can be
anything from Spartan to luxurious.
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• CAMPGROUNDS
• Once these facilities were where hardy tourists pitched tents. Today they
usually refer to facilities where those who travel in recreational vehicles or
RVs stay.
• DUDE RANCHES
• A unique form of lodging, these facilities convey a theme of the American
west. Usually located in resort areas, they feature horseback riding, cattle
roundups, outdoor barbecues, and other cowboy type of activities.
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
• LOVE HOTELS
• a type of short-stay hotel found in East Asian countries and regions such as
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong, operated primarily for the purpose
of allowing couples privacy
• CAPSULE HOTEL
• Also known as a pod hotel, is a type of hotel developed in Japan in 1979 that
features a large number of small bed-sized rooms known as capsules.
• RYOKAN
• Is a type of traditional Japanese inn since the 8th century AD that typically
features tatami-matted rooms, communal baths, and other public areas where
visitors may wear yukata and talk with the owner.
TYPES OF LODGING AND
ACCOMMODATION
Ryokan Capsule Hotel
METHODS OF CLASSIFYING OF HOTELS
• Location
• Size
• Target market
• Level of service
• Ownership and affiliation
METHODS OF CLASSIFYING OF HOTELS -
Location
• Airport Hotel
• Resort Hotel
• Country Hotel
• City-Center Hotel
METHODS OF CLASSIFYING OF HOTELS -
Sizes
• SMALL HOTEL - Fewer than 25 Rooms
• MEDUIM HOTEL – Around 25 to 99 Rooms
• LARGE HOTEL – Around 100 to 299 Rooms
• MAJOR HOTEL – More than 300 Rooms
But typically hotels are classified as :
SMALL :Not more than 150 Rooms
MEDUIM : 151 to 299 Rooms
LARGE : 300 to 600 Rooms
MAJOR ; More than 600 Rooms
 METHODS OF CLASSIFYING OF HOTELS –
Target Market
• Commercial or Business Hotels:
• These hotels are the largest group of hotel types and they primarily cater to business
travellers and usually located in downtown or business districts.
• Airport Hotels:
• These type of hotels typically target business clientele, airline passengers with overnight
travel layovers or cancelled flights and airline crews or staff.
• Suite Hotels:
• These kind of hotels are the latest trend and the fastest growing segments of the hotel
industry. Such hotels have a living room and a separate bedroom.
• Extended Stay Hotels:
• These are somewhat similar to the suite hotels, but usually offers kitchen amenities in the
room. These kind of hotels are for long-stayers who want to stay more than a week and does
not want to spend on hotel facilities.
METHODS OF CLASSIFYING OF HOTELS –
Target Market
• Timeshare / Vacation Rentals
• Another new type or segment of the hospitality industry is the timeshare
hotels. These are sometimes referred to as " Vacation-interval" hotels.
• Casino Hotels
• Hotels with gambling facilities are called Casino Hotels.
• Conference and Convention Centres
• These type of hotels focus on meeting and conferences and overnight
accommodation for meeting attendees.
METHODS OF CLASSIFYING OF HOTELS –
Level of Service
• World class service:
• These are also called luxury / Five Start hotels, they target top business
executives, entertainment celebrities, high- ranking political figures, and
wealthy clientele as their primary markets.
• Mid-Range Service:
• Hotels offering mid-range or otherwise 3 to 4-star hotels service appeal the
largest segment of the travelling public.
• Budget / Limited Service:
• These hotels provide clean, comfortable, safe, inexpensive rooms and meet the
basic need of guests.
METHODS OF CLASSIFYING OF HOTELS –
Type of Ownership and Affiliation
• Independent Hotel
• It is a hotel that is independently owned and run.
• It doesn’t allow any other proprietors to use its name/brand.
• These hotels are likely to operate in a single or limited number of
the market ( limited services or product ).
• Chain Hotel
• is a hotel that is part of a series or of a group of hotels operated by the same
company or owner. Opposite of an independent hotel it is a ‘chain-affiliated’
hotel.
• It is a hotel enterprise that administers, through a unique management a number of
hotels located in different areas.
• They can be total or partial owners of the hotel and they manage their
administration, marketing, and promotion.
• The global hotel industry is dominated by hotel chains. It is about a third (over 5
million) of world hotel rooms were controlled by to 300 hotel chains and 3.9
million hotel rooms were controlled by the top ten hotel chains
Classification on the Basis of Ownership
• Independently owned & Operated.
• Independently owned but leased to an operator.
• Owned by a single entity or group that has hired a hotel
management company to operate the property.
• Owned and operated by a chain.
• Owned by an independent investor or group & operated by a
chain.
• Owned by an individual groups & operated as a franchise of a
chain.
 TYPES OF HOTEL OWNERSHIP
Franchise
Is privately owned but the owner pays an up-front fee to purchase the franchise along
with ongoing royalties.
Privately Owned & Operated Ownership
structure is in one person or company’s name and have investors or others with
financial interest in the hotel.
Leased & Managed
Are owned by individual or company but normally lease the physical building
Is privately owned but has signed agreement with another hotel brand to run the hotel
operations.
Days Hotel
ACCOMMODATION
MANAGEMENT
Hotel Organizational Structure

• Hotels vary in the size and type and or classifications

• Hotel Organizational structure depends on the range of services and
amenities offered to visiting guests.
• Some organizational structures include multiple departments,
managers and branches to extend full-service luxury accommodations
and amenities.
HOTEL OPERATIONS
• Administrative personnel
• handle the hotel's paperwork, accounting, human resources and office work
responsibilities.
• Operations employees
• handle the general functions of the hotel. This includes checking in guests,
coordinating events, cleaning rooms and maintenance duties.
 Full-Service, Resort or Luxury
• A large, full-service hotel maintains an extensive organizational
structure in order to quickly meet its guests’ needs and desires.
• The hotel utilizes a large management staff, including a general
manager, a hiring manager, and managers of its catering, restaurant,
housekeeping, sales and marketing departments.
Limited Service or Economy

• Limited service hotels--including boutique hotels, some bed and

breakfasts, and budget (or economy) hotels--do not require the
expansive organizational structure that a large-scale hotel requires.
• These smaller hotels operate with a smaller, more diversified staff.
Employee Hierarchy
• A hotel's organizational structure depends largely on the
• quality,
• competence
• and hierarchy of its staff.
• At the top of the hotel pyramid is the hotel's Chief Executive Officer
(CEO).
• Underneath the CEO is the management staff, headed by the hotel
general manager.
ACCOMMODATION MANAGEMENT
• Two main divisions:
• Front-of-the-House
• Back-of-the-House
ACCOMMODATION MANAGEMENT

FRONT-OF-THE-HOUSE ​BACK-OF-THE-HOUSE
• The ones that have actual • The ones that guests may
contact with guests: sometimes see but usually don't
• Front desk need to see:
• Waitstaff • Housekeepers
• Bartenders • Engineers
• Entertainers • Maintenance
• Sales
• Marketing
• Reservations
• Accounting
• THE ROOMS DIVISION
Generally includes:
• front office
• reservations
• communication services
• uniform/guest services
• housekeeping
THE ROOMS DIVISION
• FRONT OFFICE (Nerve Center of the Hotel)
• the gateway of the property and provides the first and the last contact for
guests.
• RESERVATIONS
• Often operates back-of-the-house but also has an important front-of-the-house
function since reservation work involves public relations and sales duties
THE ROOMS DIVISION
• Guest and Uniformed Service
• People in these positions have direct contact with guests
Besides performing their specific tasks, they act as salespeople and
answer questions.
• Include the services provided by the:
• Concierge
• Bell staff
• Lobby Porters
• Valet
• Door staff
• Sales and Marketing
• Carries out four functions: Sales, Advertising, Public Relations, Market
Analysis
• Food and Beverage
• Manage food production and service in one or more food outlets: Beverage
outlets, Cocktail lounges and pubs, Room service, Staff cafeteria, In-house
catering or satellite catering
• Food and Beverage
A Food Service Department typically has the following functions:
• Planning menus for specific services (restaurants, banquets)
• Determining ingredients
• Purchasing and Receiving
• Storing food-related items
• Preparing and serving food
• Clean-up
• Food and Beverage Department has both front-of-the-house and back-
of-the-house component
• Other Departments/Divisions
• Human Resources
• Accounting
• Security
• Maintenance and Engineering
• Materials Management (Purchasing)
• Facility Management
• The general manager, who oversees all hotel operations on a daily basis,
may hire an assistant manager to help with his myriad duties and
supervision.
• Underneath the general manager, a hotel may have a catering director,
restaurant manager, wine manager, human resources director,
administrative director, front office manager, etc.
• Underneath the managerial staff are the employees who work in food and
beverage services, marketing and sales, room service, housekeeping and
maintenance.
• The size of the hotel and the type of services it offers determines the
complexity of its organizational employee structure.
REVENUE MANAGEMENT
REVENUE MANAGEMENT
• It helps to predict consumer demand to optimize inventory and price
availability in order to maximize revenue growth.

• The purpose of REVENUE MANAGEMENT is not selling a room

today at a low price to sell it tomorrow with a higher price
 REVENUE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
• is to create competitive hotel pricing and
increase hotel revenue.
What Cost a Room?
• The quality of property • If it’s prepaid, non refundable rate
• The facilities it offer • If it’s a landmark
• The service level it provides • Whether anything spectacular or
• The prime market it serves unusual going on
• Where it’s located • If the guest is part of a conference
• The season when the • How inclusive the property is
accommodations are needed • The number of people in a room
• If it has a casino • If there’s a resort fee
• When the accommodations are • If the guest is using frequent stay or
booked flyer points
• Whether the hotel or chain is offering • How lodging is purchased
a special promotion
HOW LODGING IS SOLD?
• About 60% of all lodging is sold by hotels and their chains directly to
the public or businesses.
• 15% is purchased by tour operators and cruise lines then fold the
rooms to their packages, or to consolidators, meeting planners and
other related services.
• The remaining 25% is sold by conventional and online travel agencies
and their websites.
TYPES OF HOTEL ROOM RATE
• Rack Rate
• Commercial or Corporate Rate
• Group Rate
• Reward Rate
• Package Rate
RACK RATE
• Is the published rate or the maximum a property charges for a room
when the demand for rooms in the area is highest.
• The standard price that a hotel charges for a room , before any
discounts.
• Best available ate that is sold by hotels.
• Rack rate price tends to be more expensive than the rate that the
customer could have received if he/ she used a travel agency or third
party service.
 COMMERCIAL OR CORPORATE RATE
• Are special rates offered by hotels to special group of people.
• It is he amount of money a hotel charged guests who staying there
because they are travelling for business reasons.
• Corporate hotel rates ( or negotiated hotel rates ) are discounted prices
agreed between an organization and hotel .
• It is often calculated based on the assumption that this booking will
continue to generate repeat of business.
GROUP RATE
• Hotel room rate offered to people travelling as a group.
• It is often given to a large travel party who will be booking a
significant number of rooms during a specific period of time.
• MICE
REWARD RATE/ LOYALTY PROGRAM
• Members can save a certain percent off to the best available rate at
the hotel.
• You earn rewards for the purchase of discounted rate.
• Frequent customers or those who purchase a membership with the
hotel.
• They give incentives for you to continue to book with that particular
hotel brand and also encourage them to refer their family members and
friends.
PACKAGE RATE
• Rates that includes a guest room in combination with other available
events or activities.
• Hotel that offers packages that include extras such as upgrades or
activities often a different rate for these deals.
• Package rate often vary the season & the demand for rooms of the
hotel.
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