Insight into

Future Mobility

MOHAMMED RAAIZ
1st year B section
 Content

• Electric Vehicles
• Components of Electric Vehicles
• Advantages and disadvantages of Evs

• Hybrid Vehicles
• Components of Hybrid Vehicles
• Advantages and disadvantages of Hybrid vehicles
 Electric vehicles
• An electric vehicle is a vehicle that
uses one or more electric motors for
propulsion. It can be powered by a
collector system, with electricity
from extravehicular sources, or it can
be powered autonomously by a
battery.
 Working

Power is converted from the DC battery to AC for the electric motor

The accelerator pedal sends a signal to the controller which adjusts
the vehicle’s speed by changing the frequency of the AC power
from the inverter to the motor
The motor connects and turns the wheels through a cog
• When the brakes are pressed or the car is decelerating, the
motor becomes an alternator and produces power, which is sent
back to the battery
 Types of electric vehicles

There are four types of electric vehicles available:

Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV):Fully powered by electricity. These are more efficient compared to hybrid and plug-in
hybrids.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle:
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV): The vehicle uses both the internal combustion (usually petrol) engine and the
battery-powered motor powertrain. The petrol engine is used both to drive and charge when the battery is empty.
These vehicles are not as efficient as fully electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV): Uses both an internal combustion engine and a battery charged from an
external socket (they have a plug). This means the vehicle’s battery can be charged with electricity rather than the
engine. PHEVs are more efficient than HEVs but less efficient than BEVs.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV):Electric energy is produced from chemical energy. For example, a hydrogen FCEV.
Components of electric Vehicles
Charge Port: The charging port links the electric car to a power source from outside. It powers up
the battery pack. The charging port is sometimes positioned in the vehicle’s front or back.

DC-DC Converter: The traction battery pack provides a steady voltage. However, the specifications
for various vehicle complex movement. The DC-DC converter transfers the output power from the
battery to the desired level.

Auxiliary batteries: Auxiliary batteries provide electrical energy to electric car accessories. In the
event that the primary battery fails, the auxiliary batteries will continue to charge the vehicle.

Traction battery pack: Electric vehicle battery (EVB) is another name for traction battery pack. It
provides electricity to an electric vehicle’s motors. The battery serves as a power storage system.
It stores energy in the form of direct current (DC current).
Transmission: It transfers mechanical power from the electric motor to the wheels through a
gearbox. Electric vehicles have the benefit of not requiring multi-speed gearboxes. To minimize
Electric motor: The essential component of an electric vehicle is the electric traction motor. The
wheels are rotated by this energy. The major component that distinguishes an electric automobile
from a normal car is its electric motor.

Thermal system (cooling): The thermal management system is in charge of keeping the key
components of an electric vehicle, such as the electric motor and controller, at a constant working
temperature. It also works while charging to provide optimal performance. It employs a mix of
thermoelectric, forced air, and liquid cooling.

Power inverter: It converts DC power from the batteries to alternating current electricity. It also
transforms the alternating current generated by regenerative braking into a direct current. This is
also used to charge the batteries.
Controller: The operation of an electric vehicle is determined by the power electronics controller.
It regulates the flow of electrical energy from batteries to electric motors. The driver’s pedal
 Advantages Disadvantages
• Government support • High initial cost
• Eco-friendly • Charging station limitations
• Renewable energy source • Recharging takes time
• Less noise and smoother • Limited options
motion • Less driving range
• Cost-effective Low
maintenance
 Hybrid vehicles
• Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by
an internal combustion engine and one
or more electric motors, which uses
energy stored in batteries. A hybrid
electric vehicle cannot be plugged in to
charge the battery. Instead, the battery
is charged through regenerative braking
and by the internal combustion engine.
 Working
• Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by an internal combustion
engine and one or more electric motors, which uses energy stored in
batteries. A hybrid electric vehicle cannot be plugged in to charge the
battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative braking
and by the internal combustion engine. The extra power provided by
the electric motor can potentially allow for a smaller engine. The
battery can also power auxiliary loads and reduce engine idling when
stopped. Together, these features result in better fuel economy
without sacrificing performance. Learn more about hybrid electric
vehicles.
Components of hybrid vehicles
Internal combustion engine: The primary power source of an HEV is a conventional
engine. Hence, it is the main component responsible for propelling the vehicle. An HEV
cannot run alone on an electric powertrain without an engine.
Electric motor: The secondary power source of an HEV is the electric motor. It assists
the engine during initial acceleration to improve performance and fuel economy. It
runs on electrical energy stored in the battery pack. It can also charge the battery
when the vehicle is braking or coasting via the regenerative braking system.
• Battery pack: A battery pack powers the electric motor. Basically, it acts as a fuel
tank for the battery, wherein it stores the electrical energy via regenerative braking
and the generator driven by the IC engine. The battery pack can also power
auxiliary electrical components such as lights.
Generator: It is an essential component found in the series hybrid vehicle. We will touch
upon what series hybrid is in the upcoming sections. A generator draws power from the IC
engine to power the electric motor and charge the battery pack. In simple words, a
generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Transmission: Typically, hybrid vehicles use conventional transmissions similar to petrol or
diesel cars. It transmits the power produced by the IC engine to the drive shaft. The basic
working principle of transmission remains the same, even in an HEV. It is one of the crucial
components required to propel the vehicle.
• Fuel tank: Similar to a conventional car, hybrid electric vehicles also have a fuel tank to
store the conventional fuel. With the electric powertrain involved in a hybrid car, the
fuel consumption will be comparatively less than a vehicle purely relying on an IC
engine.
 Advantages Disvantanges
• Smaller Engines • Battery Replacement is
• Environmentally Friendly Pricey
• Less Dependence on Fossil • Higher Maintenance Costs
Fuels • Poorer Handling
• Regenerative Braking System • Can Be Expensive
• Assistance From Electric • Less Power
Motor