Earth a nd L ife Scie nce

r 1 – M od ule 5 : Exogenic
Qua rte
Processes
Exogenic process includes:
1.Weathering
2.Erosion
3.deposition
WEATHERING
An environmental forces that influences the
continuous breakdown, wearing away and
loosening of rocks and soils.
the general term applied to the combined action
of all physical and chemical processes that
disintegrate and decompose rocks near Earth's
surface through the elements of weather.
WEATHERING
Weathering is an important process
in the formation of soil. Soil is a
mixture of grains, organic matter,
H2O, and gas.
Two types of weathering physical
and chemical weathering.
Weathering is defined as mechanical disintegration and
chemical decomposition of rocks through the actions of
various elements of weather and climate.
TYPES OF WEATHERING
1. Mechanical weathering or physical weathering - is
the breakdown of rocks into pieces without any
change in its composition.
- this type of weathering takes place in different ways,
depending on the factor that acts on the rock. These
factors include pressure, warm temperature, water,
and ice.
Examples of physical weathering include block disintegration,
exfoliation, and frost action.
1. Block disintegration is caused by successive
heating and cooling that causes the expansion and
contraction of rocks.
Examples of physical weathering include block disintegration,
exfoliation, and frost action.
2. Exfoliation is the stripping of the outer
layers of rocks due to intense heating.
Since rocks are poor conductors of heat,
the inner layers remain almost
unaffected by heat. The successive
expansion and contraction of the outer
layers of the rock peels off from the main
rock in the form of concentric shells.
Examples of physical weathering include block disintegration,
exfoliation, and frost action.
3.Frost weathering refers to the alternate
freezing and thawing of water inside the
joints of the rocks, causing them to split into
small particles or fragments. This occurs
because the conversion of water into ice
increases the volume of water by 10 percent.
This is the most im
portant physical weathering process in cold r
egions.
 Factors that leads to mechanical
Weathering:
Factors Description
Due to tectonic forces, granite may rise to form mountain
Pressure range. After the granite ascends and cools, the overlying rocks
and sediments may erode. At the point when the pressure
diminishes, the rock expands, cools, and became brittle and
fractured.
Rocks expand and are fractured when expose to high
Temperatur temperature. However, if the temperature drops to 0°C
e (freezing point of water), it also expands and causes fracture.
Factors that leads to mechanical
Weathering:
Frost Generally, rocks have fracture in its surface and
Wedging when water accumulates in the crack and at that
point freezes, the ice expands and breaks the rock
apart.
The breakdown of rocks is caused by impact and
Abrasion friction. This primarily occurs during collision of
rocks, sand, and silt due to current or waves along a
stream or seashore causing sharp edges and corners to
wear off and become rounded.
 Organic The roots grow causing penetration into the
Activity crack, expand, and in the long run, break
the rock.
Human Activities such as digging, quarrying,
Activities denuding forests and cultivating land
contribute to physical weathering.
Burrowin Animals like rats, rabbits and squirrels
g Animals excavate into the ground to create a space for
habitation.
2. Chemical Weathering
- there are changes in the composition of rocks due
to the chemical reactions
- is the weakening or disintegration of rocks and
the formation of new compounds or new substances
caused by chemical reactions. Chemical processes
include oxidation, hydrolysis, and acid action.
Chemical processes include
dissolution, oxidation and hydrolysis.
1.Dissolution- is the process in which some of
the minerals in rocks are directly dissolved in
water. As water continues to remove
substances in rocks, the rock is deformed,
broken into pieces, and disintegrated. Rock
salt and gypsum are removed through this
process.
Chemical processes include
dissolution, oxidation and hydrolysis.
1. Dissolution
Chemical processes include
dissolution, oxidation and hydrolysis.
Chemical processes include
dissolution, oxidation and hydrolysis.
3. Oxidation-
-It is the response of oxygen with minerals. If
the iron oxidizes, the mineral in rocks
decomposes. Rusting is an example of this
chemical reaction.
-is the process in which oxygen reacts with the
rock and changes its mineral composition
Chemical processes include
dissolution, oxidation and hydrolysis.
3. Oxidation-
Mass Wasting
-refers to the downslope movement of
rock, regolith, and soil because of gravity.
-natural process that occurs after
weathering. It is considered a natural
hazard. Mass wasting’s are classified
based on their moisture (water content)
and speed (rate of movement).
Mass Wasting Includes:
Exogernic Includes:
2. Erosion
- Erosion is the separation and removal of
weathered rocks due to different agents like water,
wind, and glacier that causes transportation of the
material to where they are deposited. Plants,
animals, and humans play an important role in the
erosional process.
Agents of Erosion:
1. Water
Soil Erosion
The removal of soil at a greater
rate than its replacement by
natural agencies is known as soil
erosion.
Agents of erosion:

1. water,
2. wind,
3. glacier
Types of EROSION
1. Wind erosion happens when winds carry
large amount of fine soil particles and sand
away from a region, spreading it over
adjoining cultivated land and destroying
their fertility. It takes place in and around all
desert regions of the world.
Types of EROSION
2. Sheet erosion is the removal of thin
layers of soil because of surface runoff
and rain. This type of erosion is common
along the riverbeds and areas affected by
floods.
Types of EROSION
3. Rill erosion is the removal of soil
by the action of concentrated running
water. This process creates several
centimeter-deep tiny channels called
rills, which carry water during storms.
Types of EROSION
4. Gully erosion is the removal of soil
in water channels or drainage lines.
The gullies gradually multiply and
spread over a wide area. The land
being dissected is called bad lands or
ravines.
Types of EROSION
Exogernic Includes:
3. Deposition
-is the dropping of sediment by wind,
water, ice, or gravity.
- the end of erosion.
ASSIGNMENT:
ESSAY : ACTIVITY EXOGENIC PROCESS
What factors contribute to mass wasting?
Considering the youth of the 21century can you
contribute on caring our environment to avoid
mass wasting and soil erosion. How? (at least
150 words)
Complete the
concept map.