Lesson 11


Sampling
 Definition

 In research, Sampling is a process through which a
researcher selects a portion or segment from the
population at the center of the researcher’s study. the
individual participants in a study are referred to as
subjects and respondents. Subjects are those who are the
focus of the study, and may or may not be the sources
of the data. Respondents are sources of data, but may
or may not be subjects themselves. The individual
participants in the study in The bigger group from
where you choose the sample is called population, and
sampling frame is the term used to mean the list of the
members of such population from where you will get
the sample. (Paris 2013).
 History

 The beginning of sampling could be traced back
to the early political activities of the Americans in
1920 when Literary Digest did a pioneering
survey about the Americans citizens’ favorite
among the 1920 presidential candidates. This was
the very first survey that served as the impetus
for the discovery by academic researchers of other
sampling strategies that they categorized into two
classes: probability sampling or unbiased
sampling and non-probability sampling (Babbie
2013).
 Probability Sampling or Unbiased
Sampling

 It is a type of sampling in which all the members
of an entire population have a chance of being
selected. This is called scientific sampling.
Probability sampling is often used to provide a
very random process of selecting samples that
make it scientific. In turn, there is minimal bias,
and all categories of the population can be
represented.
 A sampling error crops up if the selection does not
take place in the way it is planned. Such sampling
error is manifested by strong dissimilarity

between the sample and the ones listed in the
sampling frame. (P) How numerous the sampling
errors are depends on the size of the sample. The
smaller the sample is, the bigger the number of
sampling errors. Thus, choose to have a bigger
sample of respondents to avoid sampling error.
However, deciding to increase the size of your
sample is not so easy. There are these things you
have to mull over in finalizing about this such as
expenses for questionnaires and interview tips,
interview schedules, and time for reading
respondents’ answers.
 Types of Probability Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling

 Simple random sampling is the best type of probability
sampling through which you can choose sample from a
population. Using a pure-chance selection, all the members of
the population are given an equal chance of being selected.
Simple random sampling happens through any of these two
methods: (Burns 2012)

1) Have a list of all members of the population; write each name on

a card, and choose cards through a pure-chance selection.

2) Have a list of all members; give a number to member and then

use randomized or unordered numbers in selecting names from
the list.
 Systematic Sampling

 For this kind of probability sampling, chance and system are the
ones to determine who should compose the sample. For

instance, if you want to have a sample of 150, you may select a
set of numbers like 1 to 15, and out of a list of 1,500 students,
take every 15th name on the list until you complete the total
number of respondents to constitute your sample. Is a method
of selecting every nth element of a population, e.g., every fifth,
eighth, ninth, or eleventh element until the desired sample size
is reached.
 Stratified Sampling


 The population is the first divided into different strata, and
then the sampling follows. Age, gender, and educational
qualifications are some possible criteria used to divide a
population into strata.

 Example: A researcher will study the common effects of

smoking on high school students. The researcher decides to
select equal numbers of students from the freshman,
sophomore, junior, and senior levels.
 Cluster Sampling

 is used in large-scale studies, where


the population is geographically
spread out. Sampling procedures may
be difficult and time consuming.

 Example: A researcher wants to

interview 100 teachers across the
country. It will be difficult and
expensive on their part to have
respondents in 100 different cities or
provinces. Cluster sampling is helpful
for the researcher who randomly
selects the regions (first cluster), then
selects the schools (second cluster),
and then the number of teacher.
 Types of Non Probability
Sampling

 It is a process of selecting respondents in which not
all members of the entire population are given a
chance of being selected as samples. There are cases
that certain segments of a population are given
priority over others, such as when a researcher does
not intend to generalize to a larger population. This
is also called non-scientific sampling and is
commonly used in qualitative research. This is
usually done if the researcher needs specific
segment of the population, or one would want to
look at certain factors that affect the variables, such
as age, sex, or socio-economic status.
 Quota Sampling


 Is somewhat similar to stratified sampling as the population
is divided into strata, and the researcher deliberately sets
specific proportions in the sample, whether or not the
resulting proportion is reflective of the total population.
This is commonly done to ensure the inclusion of a
particular segment of the population.

 Example: a researcher wants to survey the employees of a

company regarding their thoughts on the company’s new
policies. The researcher intends to have representatives
from all departments in his sample, but one department is
so small that doing random sampling might result in that
department not being represented. The researcher then sets
a quota of respondents from that department to ensure their
inclusion in the sample.
 Voluntary Sampling


 Since the subjects you expect to participate in the sample
selection are the ones volunteering to constitute the sample,
there is no need for you to do any selection process.
 Purposive or Judgmental Sampling


 You choose people whom you are sure could correspond to
the objectives of your study, like selecting those with rich
experience or interest in your study.

 Example: in a study about honor students, the researcher

uses a list of honor students and chooses the necessary
number of respondents, to the exclusion of all other
students.
 Availability Sampling


 The willingness of a person as your subject to interact with
you counts a lot in this non-probability sampling method. If
during the data-collection time, you encounter people
walking on a school campus, along corridors, and along the
park or employees lining up at an office, and these people
show willingness to respond to your questions, then you
automatically consider them as your respondents.
 Snowball Sampling


 Similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly, this
sampling method does not give a specific set of samples.
This is true for a study involving unspecified group of
people. Dealing with varied groups of people such as street
children, mendicants, drug dependents, call center workers,
informal settlers, street vendors, and the like is possible in
this kind of non-probability sampling. Free to obtain data
from any group just like snow freely expanding and
accumulating at a certain place, you tend to
increase the number of people you want to form the sample
of your study. (Harding 2013)
Question
 What is the importance of describing the
participants of the study in a research?
A.Write the letter of the correct answer on the
blank before each number.

__________1. A group of entrepreneurs is asked to fill out a

survey.

__________2. A sampling method where all members of the

population are given equal chances to be included
in the sample.
__________3. These are individuals who are the focus of the
study, but do not serve as data sources.

__________4. A sampling method which uses every nth

element of the population.

__________5. Names are put into a bowl, and the researcher

draws them at random to generate a sample.
Assignment:

 Kindly research on Research Methods and their

Instruments as part of Data collection.