Data Communications Network

Basics and OSI Internetworking

Author/ Email: Zhushigeng 261992/[email protected]

Version: V1.1
Course Objectives

After completing this course, you will be able to:

• Understand basic concepts of datacom and data networks.
• Be familiar with the OSI reference model.
• Be familiar with the data communication process.
Contents

Basic Concepts of Datacom Networks

OSI Reference Model

Basic Concepts of Data Networks

Computer

Computer

Server
• What are protocols?
• What is data?
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Hub

Hub Server

• Collision
• Collision domain
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Ethernet Switch

• Switching
• Unicast
• Multicast
• Broadcast
Switch Server
• Broadcast domain
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Ethernet Switch

• Switching of data frames

• Access of terminal devices
• Access security
• Broadcast domain isolation (VLAN)
• Layer 2 link redundancy, loop prevention,
and load balancing
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Router

Internet

Router

LAN 1 LAN 2
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Router

• Maintaining routing tables and routing information

• Route discovery and path selection
• Data forwarding
• Broadcast domain isolation
• WAN access, address translation, and security functions
Basic Concepts of Data Networks: Multilayer Switching Network

Servers

User terminals
What Is Network Topology

Internet Internet
 Network Technology Development

Summary Plan, implement, fault rectification, optimization

Macro
-> Micro
-> Macro Lower Layers Underlying working mechanism of protocols and details about packets

Protocol How are OSPF neighbor relationships established? How does STP work?

How How can OSPF be configured, verified, and queried?

What What are routing and switching?

Contents

Basic Concepts of Datacom Networks

OSI Reference Model

OSI Internetworking

Concept:
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a flexible, robust, and interoperable model defined by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It is a great model but not a protocol. The OSI
model is used to analyze and design network architecture.
Objective:
To standardize communication functions of different systems without changing the underlying
hardware or software logic.

OSI layers:
The OSI divides a networking system into seven layers, starting from the physical layer, data link
layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer.
Some Advantages of OSI Model

• Allow network communication between smaller, simpler components, assisting the development,
design, and troubleshooting of each component.
• Standardize network components so that they can be developed by multiple vendors.
• Standardize the industry by defining the functions of each layer in the model.
• Allow communication between different types of network hardware and software.
• Facilitate development by preventing modifications on one layer from affecting the other layers.
OSI Reference Model

7.Application

Upper layers: 6.Presentation

responsible for 5.Session

data transmission 4.Transport
between hosts
3.Network
Lower layers:
2.Data Link
responsible for
1.Physical
network data
transmission
OSI Reference Model

7.Application Provides system application interfaces.

Translates data formats to ensure that the application-layer data of one

6.Presentation system can be identified by the application layer of another system.
Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between
5.Session communicating parties.
Establishes, maintains, and cancels end-to-end data transfer, controls
4.Transport the transmission rate, and adjusts the data sequences.
Defines logical addresses and transfers data from the source to the
3.Network destination.
Encapsulates data into frames, transmits data in P2P or P2MP mode,
2.Data Link and controls error checking.
Transmits bit flows over transmission media and defines electrical and
1.Physical physical specifications.
OSI Reference Model

7.Application

6.Presentation
Characteristics:
5.Session
Each layer has its function set.
4.Transport
Each layer is independent of one another but also dependent.
3.Network
An upper layer is dependent on its lower layer, and a lower layer
2.Data Link provides services to its upper layer.
1.Physical
Layer 7: Application Layer

• Provides interfaces for application software so that

7.Application
applications can use network services.
6.Presentation • Commonly used protocols:
http(80), ftp(20/21), smtp(25), pop3(110), telnet(23),
5.Session
and dns(53)
4.Transport

3.Network

2.Data Link

1.Physical
Layer 6: Presentation Layer

7.Application

6.Presentation • Data coding and decoding

• Data encryption and decryption
5.Session • Data compression and decompression
• Commonly used standards:
4.Transport
• ASCII
3.Network • JPEG
• …
2.Data Link

1.Physical
Layer 5: Session Layer

7.Application

6.Presentation
• Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions
5.Session
between presentation-layer entities.
4.Transport • Provides session control between devices or nodes.
• Coordinates communications between systems.
3.Network

2.Data Link

1.Physical
Layer 4: Transport Layer

7.Application

6.Presentation
• Fragments and reassembles data from upper-layer
5.Session applications.
• Provides end-to-end data transmission.
4.Transport
• Protocols:
3.Network • TCP
• UDP
2.Data Link

1.Physical
Layer 3: Network Layer

7.Application

6.Presentation

5.Session

4.Transport • Defines logical addresses (Layer 3 addresses).

• Performs addressing and transmits packets from
3.Network the source to the destination.
• Performs routing and maintains routing tables.
2.Data Link

1.Physical
Layer 3: Network Layer

Device: router

• Maintaining routing tables and routing information

• Route discovery and path selection
• Data forwarding
• Broadcast domain isolation
• WAN access, address translation, and security functions
Layer 3: Network Layer

Logical address: IP address

An IP address identifies a node or an interface on an IP

network and is used for the addressing of packets.

Source address: 192.168.1.1

Data
Destination address: 192.168.2.1

IP network

192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1
Layer 3: Network Layer

Routing

IP packets
IP network
Layer 2: Data Link Layer

7.Application

6.Presentation

5.Session

4.Transport
• Provides reliable node-to-node data transmission on
3.Network
unreliable physical links.
2.Data Link • Frame reassembly, physical addressing, flow
control, error control, and access control
1.Physical
Layer 2: Data Link Layer

• The data link layer is above the physical layer and provides services to the
network layer.
• The data link layer provides reliable data transmission over physical links.
• Data link layer protocols for LANs include Ethernet and token ring.
• Data link layer protocols for WANs include PPP, HDLC, and Frame Relay.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer

Ethernet Layer 2 logical address: MAC address

Ethernet frame format

Destination Source MAC
Preamble Length/Type Data FCS
MAC Address Address

4C-34-88-58-60-6A

Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) Extension flag (Assigned by vendors)

A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a physical or hardware address

used to identify the location of a network device.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer

Device: switch

• Each switch port is a collision domain.

• A switch belongs to a broadcast domain.
• Switches use MAC addresses for addressing. 1 2 3
Layer 1: Physical Layer

7.Application

6.Presentation

5.Session
• Defines physical features of interfaces and transmission
4.Transport media.
• Defines bit encoding, data transmission rates, and
3.Network
transmission modes (simplex, half duplex, and full duplex).
2.Data Link • Defines physical network topologies (mesh, star, ring, and
bus).
1.Physical
• Transmits bits from one hop (node) to another (node).
Layer 1: Physical Layer

• The physical layer defines specifications for signals, connectors, and cables.
• Interfaces and connectors:
 Layer 1: Physical Layer

Cabling of category 5 twisted pairs

Side 1 Side 2 Side 1 Side 2

Side 1 1=white/orange 1=white/orange Side 1 1=white/orange 1=white/green
12345678 12345678
2=orange 2=orange 2=orange 2=green
3=white/green 3=white/green 3=white/green 3=white/orange
4=blue 4=blue 4=blue 4=blue
5=white/blue 5=white/blue 5=white/blue 5=white/blue
6=green 6=green 6=green 6=orange
12345678 7=white/brown 7=white/brown 12345678 7=white/brown 7=white/brown
Side 2 Side 2
8=brown 8=brown 8=brown 8=brown

Straight-through cable Crossover cable

 Layer 1: Physical Layer

Optical fiber connectors

FC/PC connector SC/PC connector

ST/PC connector FC/PC-SC/PC connector

 Layer 1: Physical Layer

Device: hub

• All devices connecting to a hub belong to the same collision domain.

• All devices connecting to a hub belong to the same broadcast domain.
• All devices share bandwidth.
OSI Reference Model

7.Application Provides system application interfaces.

Translates data formats to ensure that the application-layer data of one

6.Presentation system can be identified by the application layer of another system.
Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between
5.Session communicating parties.
Establishes, maintains, and cancels end-to-end data transfer, controls
4.Transport the transmission rate, and adjusts the data sequences.
Defines logical addresses and transfers data from the source to the
3.Network destination.
Encapsulates data into frames, transmits data in P2P or P2MP mode,
2.Data Link and controls error checking.
Transmits bit flows over transmission media and defines electrical and
1.Physical physical specifications.
Data Transmission in the OSI Model

A B

Application Application

Presentation Presentation

Session Session

Transport Transport
Network
Network Network
Data Link
Data Link Data Link
Physical
Physical Physical
Data Transmission in the OSI Model - Encapsulation

Application
Presentation
Session DATA PDU

Transport TCP Header DATA Segment

Network IP Header Payload Packet

Data Link Eth Header Payload FCS Frame

Physical 001001011010100 Bit

Data Transmission in the OSI Model - Decapsulation

Application
Presentation
Session DATA PDU

Transport
eader
DATA Segment
TCP H

Network der Payload Packet

IP Hea

Data Link
ader
Payload FCS Frame
Eth He

Physical 001001011010100 Bit