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Week 2

1. Ohm's Law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied, with the ratio defined as resistance. 2. Kirchhoff's Current Law states that the algebraic sum of currents at any node in a circuit must be zero. 3. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit must be zero. 4. Resistors in series have the same current flowing through them and their total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances. 5. Resistors in parallel have the same voltage across them and their total resistance is lower than the lowest individual resistance and is calculated

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Ahmet Tunceeli (Grad)
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15 views

Week 2

1. Ohm's Law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied, with the ratio defined as resistance. 2. Kirchhoff's Current Law states that the algebraic sum of currents at any node in a circuit must be zero. 3. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit must be zero. 4. Resistors in series have the same current flowing through them and their total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances. 5. Resistors in parallel have the same voltage across them and their total resistance is lower than the lowest individual resistance and is calculated

Uploaded by

Ahmet Tunceeli (Grad)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Circuit

Fundamentals
Lecturer: Res. Asst. Dr. Ekrem BAŞER
Contact:[email protected]
Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors
Experimentally, it is found that the current in a wire is proportional to
the potential difference between its ends:
IV
Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors
The ratio of voltage to current is called the resistance:
Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors
In many conductors, the resistance is independent of the voltage; this
relationship is called Ohm’s law.

Unit of resistance:
the ohm, Ω.
1 Ω = 1 V/A
Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors
Standard resistors are manufactured for use in electric circuits; they are
color-coded to indicate their value and precision.
18-3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors
Conductivity
• The reciprocal of resistance R is called conductance and it is a useful
quantity used in electrical circuit analysis.
• Conductivity is denoted by G:
• Conductivity is measure of how well an element conducts electric
current.
• The unit of conductivity is Siemens (S).
Conductivity
• The power dissipated by a resistor in 𝑅 is;

• The power dissipated by a resistor in G is;

1. The power dissipated in a resistor is a nonlinear function of both


current and voltage.
2. Since resistance (𝑅) and conductance (𝐺) are positive quantities,
the power dissipated in a resistor is always positive.
Conductivity
• Calculate the 𝑖 current, 𝐺 conductance and 𝑝 power in the circuit
shown in figure.

• Conductivity;

• The power;
Series and Parallel Connections
• In a series connection, current remains the same
I I

I I

• In a parallel connection, voltage remains the same

+ + +
V V V
- - -
Kirchhoff's Laws
• Ohm's law alone is not sufficient for analyzing circuits.
• By combining Ohm's law with Kirchhoff's two laws, most electrical
circuits can be analyzed.
• These laws;
• Kirchhoff current law
• Kirchhoff voltage law.
• Kirchhoff current law (KAC): The algebraic sum of currents entering a
node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law

• , , are currents coming in of the node.


• , are currents going out of the node.

• The sum of currents coming in a node is equal to the sum of currents going
out of the node.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Kirchhoff's current law can also be applied


to a closed boundary.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
• For example, the current sources in
Figure (a) can be combined as in Figure
(b).
•
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Kirchhoff Voltage Law
• The algebraic sum of all voltages in a closed environment is zero.

•-

•=
Kirchhoff Voltage Law
• For example, for the voltage sources
shown in Figure (a), Kirchhoff's voltage law
is applied to obtain the combined
(equivalent) voltage source in Figure (b).

•+
Kirchhoff Voltage Law

Write KVL equation for


all the loops shown in
the figure
Summary
Ohm’s Law:

The algebraic sum of all the currents at


Kirchhoff’s Current Law: any node in a circuit equals zero.

The algebraic sum of all the voltages


Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
around any closed path in a circuit equals
zero
Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Since the same 𝑖 current flows through both
resistors in the circuit in Figure, these resistors are
connected in series.

• Applying Kirchhoff Voltage Law,


+
Then;
+

=
Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• The equivalent resistance of any number of
resistors in series is the sum of the individual
resistances.
• = +…+
• Each resistor voltage;
,
• The source voltage 𝑣 is divided between the
resistors in direct proportion to the
resistance values; There is a large voltage
drop with a large resistance. This is called the
voltage division rule and the circuit in Figure
is called the voltage division circuit.
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• In the circuit in Figure, two resistors
are connected in parallel and
therefore there is the same voltage
drop in each resistor.
,
• Applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law,

=,
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• In a circuit where N number of
resistors are connected in parallel, the
equivalent resistance is;
• +…+
• + +…+
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Given the total current 𝑖 entering the node 𝑎 in
Figure, how to get and ?

• Put this equations on above:,


,
• The total 𝑖 current is shared by the resistors
inversely proportional to their resistance values;
Greater current flows through smaller resistance.
This is called the current division rule and the
circuit in Figure is known as the current divider
circuit.
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• Let's assume one of the resistors in the figure is zero.For
example, let = 0. In this case As shown in figure, resistor
𝑅2 is shorted (short circuit).

• ,
• If 0,
• This means that all of the current 𝑖 flows through the short
circuit of the path of least resistance (), bypassing resistor .
• When a circuit is short-circuited, two situations occur:
1. The equivalent resistance is = 0. (as in )
2. All current passes through the short circuit.
Parallel Resistors and Current Division
• In the other case, let's assume that ∞. In this
case, the resistor becomes an open circuit, as
shown in Figure.
• Current 𝑖 flows through resistor , which is also
the path of least resistance.
• In the equation Limit of for → ∞, we obtain
the equivalent resistance as = .
Star-Delta Transformation

• In electrical systems, we have to deal with


resistances a lot, arranged in different
patterns i.e. parallel, series, mesh etc.
• So we should know this conversion for
analyzing the electrical circuits.
Example
• Find the equivalent resistance between A & B in the given circuit.
Example
• Find the equivalent resistance between A & B in the given network.
Example
Example

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