Introduction

Transformer is a static device used to transform the

electrical energy from one alternating current circuit
to an other electrical ecircuit with out changing the
frequency
Why use Transformer
• To reduce transmission losses
• Transformers are used for voltage transformation
(For step us or For step down )
• For Isolation
• For Impedance Matching (Maximum power
transfer)
• Voltage regulations
Why Transformer Protection???
• Transformer is an experience part in electrical
network.
• Impect of transformer outage is very serious as
the time required to rectify the Transformer in case
of damage is more and it is very difficult and
operation with out transformer is also difficult.
Working Principal of Transformer

The working Principal of Transformer is

Mutual induction
The changing current in primary creat
changing sformermagnetic field. And when
this changing magnetic field links with the
secondary winding by passing through the
Core EMF is induced in the secondary.
Power Transformers
• Power transformers are electrical devices used to
efficiently transfer electrical energy between
different voltage levels within the power
transmission and generation network. They are
designed to handle high voltage levels, typically
above 110 kV
• Power transformers are typically found in power
generation plants, electrical substations, and
transmission lines.
Distribution Transformers
• Distribution transformers are electrical devices that
facilitate the distribution of electrical energy from
the transmission network to end-users. They are
designed to handle lower voltage levels, typically
between 11 kV and 33 kV, and are responsible for
stepping down the voltage to levels suitable for
local distribution to residential, commercial, and
industrial areas
What Cause Transformer Failure?
• Insulation breakdown • Cooling System failure
• Over heating due to • Phase to Phase or
over excitation Phase to Ground fault
• Oil contention and • Turn short circuit fault
leakage
Components of Transformer

Main tank. Transform core

Thermometer Transformer Winding
Bushings Oil inlet outlet Volve
Horns/ Surge Arrestors Tap Changer
Oil guage Rating Palte
Explosion vent Wheel
Conservator tank
De Hydrating Breather
Buchholz Relay
Radiator/ Colling Tubes
Transformer Oil
Main Tank

• Main tank contain the assembly of Transformer

and Oil.
• Provide physical protection from environment
such as moisture and dust
• Main tank provide cooling system to dIssipate
heat genrated during transformer operatin.
• Contain transformer oil that provide the
electrical insulation and cooling to winding ,so
tank prevent oil leakage.
Conservator Tank

The conservator tank is designed to compensate for

the expansion and contraction of transformer oil
due to temperature variations. It provides
additional space to accommodate the volume
changes in the oil, ensuring that the tank remains
properly filled and preventing damage or leakage.
Its volume is 10% of main tank volume .
Filled half
Buchholz Relay
• Protect transformer from internal faults
such as insulation breakdown, short
circuit, or arcing.
• installed in the pipe connecting the main
tank and the conservator tank
• Usually provided in transformers more
than 500KVA due to economic
consideration.
• When fault accure inside the transformer
the temperature of oil increase icand
evaporate in the form of gas .
• Generation of gas depends upon the
magnitude of fault.
Buchholz Relay
• Relay has 2 float switches and 2 levels of
operation.
• 1st chamber.is for alarm and 2nd stage is for
trip.
• 1st stage work on the accumulation
erationof sufficient gas in the relay chamber
and the 2nd stage work on high velocity of oil
flow
• The setting of 1st stage is done at collected
gas volume of 300 to 500 ml.
• The setting of 2nd stage is done at oil flow
velocity of 100cm/s
Sudden Pressure Relay

• The Protection performance of this relay is

batter and faster than buchholz relay.
• This relay is designed to detect a sudden
pressure increase caused by arcing or internal
faults.
• The alarm is set to 0.32kg/sqcm and trip is set
to 0.6kg/sqcm per second.
Pressure Relief Device

• This device is used to evaluate any over pressure

inside the transformer to avoid the explosion sof
the transformer tank.
• The pressure relief device limit the tank
overpressure and reduce the risk of tank repture
and uncontrolled oil spills which might also
cause fire.
Explosion Vent
• The explosion vent helps to maintain the
structural integrity of the transformer by
preventing the tank from rupturing under high
internal pressure. By providing a controlled path
for pressure release, it protects the transformer
and its components from extensive damage.
• Explosion vents are strategically positioned on the
transformer tank to ensure that pressure is
directed away from critical components and
sensitive areas. They are typically designed to
open in a specific direction, away from nearby
equipment or personnel, to minimize the potential
for harm.
• After an explosion vent has been activated, it
needs to be inspected and replaced to restore its
protective functionality. Once the fault or issue in
the transformer has been resolved, a new
explosion vent is typically installed
Celica Gel Breather

• Celica gel Breather is attached to conservator

tank.
• The purpose of Celica gel Breather is to obsorbe
moisture and dust particles from air during
breathing.
• During breathing incoming air may contain
moisture and dirt inorder to prevent any damage
or any changes in breakdown strength.
• The air is made to pass through celica gel
Breather .
• Celica gel will be blue when installed and they
turn to pink when absorb moisture, which
indicates the crystals should be replaced.
• The breather also have a cup of oil so that the
dust particles get settled in the cup.
Oil Level Guage
• o attached to the conservator tank.
• Usually oil level Guage has to contects for alarm.
One for maximum oil level other for minimum oil
level.
• When oil level is low from fixed minimum oil level
then minimum oil level alarm is ringing.
• When oil level is high from fixel maximum oil level
then maximum oil level alarm is ringing.
Temperature Indicators
• There are two main types of temperature indicators
• OTI ( Oil Temperature hereIndicator )
• WTI ( winding Temperature Indicator)
• Indicate instantaneous temperature of oil and windings
of the transformer and record maximum temperature
rises of oil and windings.
• Operate high-temperature alarm at a predetermined
value of allowable temperature limit.
• Trip the circuit breakers associated with the power
transformer when the temperature of oil or winding
reaches a predetermined limit.
• Control the
• cooling system of the transformer
• . Turn on the cooling equipment when the winding
attains a preset high temperature and turn it off when
the temperature decreases by a set differential.
Radiator/ Cooling tubes/ Fins
Radiator or cooling tubes are an essential
component in transformers for dissipating heat
and maintaining optimal operating temperatures.
• The primary function of the cooling tubes is to
facilitate the transfer of heat from the
transformer oil to the surrounding air.
• The transformer oil carries heat generated
during operation, and the cooling tubes
provide a path for that heat to escape.
• The cooling tubes are designed with a large
surface area to maximize heat transfer.
• The increased surface area allows for more
contact between the oil and the air,
enhancing the heat transfer process.
 Tap Changer
In order to maintain constant voltage or to maintain within
the prescribed limits transformer tap-changing is used. In
tap-changing, the tappings on the coils of the transformer
are placed so that by varying the turn-ratio voltage
induced can be varied.
There are two methods of tap changing.
1. Off load tap changing
2. On load tap changing
Taps are provided at the HV windings due to following
reasons.
1. To obtain finite voltage variation
2. Current on LT side is high so interuption is difficult.
3. HT winding is provided outside so providing tapping is
comparatively easier.
Rating Plate
Provide Information about transformer such as
Name of manufacturer
Serial number
year of manufacture
Number of phases
kVA or MVA rating
Frequency
Voltage ratings.
Tap voltages.
Connection diagram.
Cooling class
Rated temperature in °C
Polarity (for Single Phase Transformers)
Phasor or vector diagram (For Polyphase or Three Phase
Transformers)
% impedance.
Approximate mass or weight of the transformer
Type of insulating liquid.
Conductor material of each winding.
Oil volume (of each transformer Container/Compartment)
Instruction for Installation and Operation
LT/ HT Bushings

Electrical connection between high-voltage

winding and external power lines.
Insulated components to prevent leakage of
current,
Designed to handle high voltages from the power
grid or transmission lines,
Provide mechanical support, securely attached to
the trCapacitance and partial discharge
measurements employed,ansformer structure,
Surge Arrestors/ Arcing Horns
Arcing horns help to divert the lightning surge away
from the main tank of the transformer and provide
a low-resistance path for the lightning current to
follow. This helps to prevent the lightning current
from directly entering the transformer windings,
reducing the risk of damage.
By providing arcing horns, the electric field
concentration at the edges of the transformer is
reduced, minimizing the likelihood of corona
formation.
Corona can cause power loss, audible noise, radio
interference, and accelerated degradation of
insulation
Inlet outlet valve

Oil Inlet Valve

transformers are filled with insulating oil by the oil
inlet valve. The oil inlet valve is located at the top of
the transformer. After filling the transformer, it is
tight with the cork; therefore, the oil can’t pass out
from it. When needs to drain the oil, then lose the
valve for equilibrium the air pressure.
Oil Outdoor Drain Cock
Transformer oil is getting wasted day by day. So it
needs to be changed after a certain period of time.
An oil outdoor drain cock is located at the bottom of
the transformer, and it helps to remove the wasted
oil from the transformer.
Core
The transformer core provides a low-reluctance path
for the magnetic flux generated by the primary
winding.
The core is typically made of a ferromagnetic
material, such as iron or steel, that possesses high
magnetic permeability.
The core ensures a high degree of flux linkage
between the primary and secondary windings. When
an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary
winding, it induces a varying magnetic field in the
core, which, in turn, induces a voltage in the
secondary winding.
Windings
Two type of windings
HT winding
LT winding
The primary windings accept incoming
alternating current (AC) power from an
external source and convert it into a
magnetic field. This field is then
transferred to the secondary windings
which transform the AC into a lower
voltage AC output suitable for use in low-
power applications.
Transformer Oil
Insulator transformer oil works a lot. It helps keep
the transformer cool. Protects the device from
major accidents by controlling the sparks from
winding. Reduces current loss of the transformer.
It needs to be replaced when the oil is lost as a
result of regular use. The transformer has to
maintain certain values in this oil.