Teaching Common

Competencies in
AGRI-FISHERY-ARTS
 Lesson I: Fishery
Objectives:
1. Explain the concepts of fishery;
2. Discuss the morphology of fish - its parts and
functions;
3. Dissect and identify the external parts of fish;
4. Dissect, identify and state the functions of
internal parts of the fish.
Know
Fish is a cold-blooded vertebrate living in water, breathing
by means of gills; whose body may or may not be covered
with scales. In general, it includes all the fin fishes and
other aquatic animals such as crustaceans,( crabs, prawns,
shrimps, lobsters) and mollusk ( clams, mussels, oysters,
snails and shellfishes ).
Based on the fossils recovered five million years ago,
there was no distinguishing feature of a fish. The primitive
fish belongs to ostracoderms, which has a mouth just a
small opening, and the placoderms to which our present
day bony fish belong.
 Branches of Fishery:
1. Fish Culture - the human effort of raising the
maximum productivity of fish and other fishery
aquatic products and maintaining the supply of these
products to satisfy human needs.
2. Fish Capture - branch of fishery science that deals
with the scientific method of catching fish as well and
the type of fishing gear used.
3. Fish Preservation - branch of fishery science that
deals with the scientific method of preserving fish and
other fishery aquatic products to prevent spoilage.
Anatomical Positions:
External Parts of the Fish and Their
Functions
1. Operculum/gill cover - part of the fish that
covers the gills
2. Scales - part of the fish that cover the body
3. Lateral lines - lines along the body of the fish
used to help the fish adapt itself to its new
environment
4. Fins - part of the fish that used for swimming,
balancing and propelling in water
5. Eyes - part of the fish that used for seeing
6. Mouth - part of the fish that used for
swallowing objects, particularly food
7. Anus - part of the fish that serves as an
excretory organ of the fish where the waste
matter coming from the body of fish passes
out.
8. Caudal Peduncle - part of the fish that
connect the body and the tail
9. Nostril - part of the fish that used for smelling
Internal Parts of Fish and their Functions
1. Spine – the primary structural framework upon
which the fish's body is built. It connects to the skull
at the front of the fish and the tail at the rear. The
spine is made up of numerous vertebrae, which are
hollow and which protect the delicate spinal cord.

2. Spinal cord – the part that connects the brain to the

rest of the body and relays sensory information from
the body to the brain, as well as instruction from the
brain to the rest of the body .
3. Brain – the control center of the fish where
both automatic functions and higher behaviors
occur. All sensory information is processed here.
4. Lateral line – one of the fish’s primary sense
organs. It detects underwater vibration and is
capable of determining the direction of their
source.
5. Swim or air bladder – a hollow, gas-filled
balance organ that allows a fish to conserve
energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy in water.

6. Kidney – filters liquid waste materials from the

blood. These waste are then passed out the body

7. Stomach and intestines – break down food and

absorb nutrients.
8. Pyloric caeca – finger like projection located
near the functions of the stomach and the
Intestine. It known to secrete enzymes that aid
digestion. It may also function to absorb
digested food or do both.

9. Liver – it assists digestion by secreting

enzymes that break down fats, and also serves
as storage area for fats and carbohydrates.
10. Heart – circulates blood throughout the body.

11. Muscle – provide movement and locomotion.

These are parts of the fish that are usually eaten.
They compose the fillet of the fish.

12. Gonad - hormone-secreting sexual gland of a

fish.
Fish Scales Tell the Age of a Fish
 Types of Fish Scales
1. Placoid - it resembles a miniature tooth
called denticles Ex. shark scales
2. Cycloid - it is oval or circular in outline and
have a smooth and exposed rear edge
3. Ctenoid - scales that have a rear edges made
of small brush like spines or comb liked teeth.
Ex. Scales of perch, pongies and bass
4. Ganoid - a four- sided plate that fits closely
against adjacent plates without overlapping.
 Parts of Gills
1. Gill filament - used for exchange of gases
such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

2. Gill arch - used for support and for passing

blood to and the gill filaments.

3. Gill rakers - used for straining food from the

water
Diagrammatic Representation
of Two Forms of Fish Gills
Activity

*Watch the video presentation about the Morphology of Fish

(What to Reflect on and Understand)

*Fish samples to be dissected and Identity the external and internal parts of the
fish.
(video presentation)
MIDTERM
 Lesson 2: Fish Culture
Objectives:
1. Explain the phases or aspects of fish culture;
2. Recite the different terminologies used in fish culture;
3. Enumerate the parts of a fish pond and the function of
each part;
4. Discuss the species and characteristics of cultivable fish
and the natural foods of fish;
5. Analyze the importance of fish culture and of possible
marketing strategies for the species of fish raised.
Activity
Direction: Make a community survey to
determine the species of freshwater fishes
raised. Fill out the chart below:
Name of fish farmer Address of fish Freshwater fishes raised
farmer

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Know
Many programs and activities had been done in
response to the problems regarding the
shortage of the supply of fish in the country.
One of which these program is Fish Culture. Fish
culture then must be introduced to enhance
awareness and adopt some of the technology
and its adoption as additional source of food
and income.
Phases or Aspects of Fish Culture:
1. Fish Cultivation - the rearing of fish under
controlled or semi controlled condition.
2. Fish Propagation - the process of increasing
fish life either by natural or artificial means of
reproduction.
3. Fish Conservation - the scientific means of
utilizing fish and other fishery aquatic
products/resources.
 Classification of Fish Culture
1.according to extent of financial investment
2.according to purpose
3.according to design
4.according to state of water
5.according to salinity
6.according to temperature
7.according to species raised
 Terminologies used in the study of Fish
Culture
1. Endemic or indigenous - native to the locality
2. Exotic or digenous - introduced by other
countries
3. Habitat - the place where plants and animals
grow and naturally live
4. Herbivorous - species of fish that feed on
plants and vegetables only
5. Carnivorous - species of fish that feed on other
animals
6. Omnivorous - species of fish that feed on
both plants and animals
7. Tide - the periodic rise and fall of seawater
8. Milt - the male reproductive gland of fishes
9. pH - the hydrogen ion-concentration of water
10. photosynthesis - the process by which plants
manufacture their food with the aid of sunlight
11. Predators - species of fish feeding on other
fishes specially the cultivable ones
12. Prolific - the process of producing young in
great numbers
13. Sabalo - the bangus breeder or spawner
14. Salinity - the degree of freshness and saltiness
of water
15. Temperature - the degree of coldness and
hotness of water
16. Competition - the rivalry for food, space and oxygen
inside the fishpond
17. Cannibalistic - species of fish that feed on their own kind
18. Plankton - the biological association of minute plants
and animals which are found growing on the surface of the
water.
19. Spat - the larvae of oyster and mussel which are free
swimming in water.
20. Catadromous - species of fish that go down from
freshwater to saltwater to spawn ex: eels
21. Anadromous - species of fish that go upstream from
saltwater to freshwater to spawn ex: bangus
22. Oviparous - species of fish whose eggs are fertilized and
developed outside the body ex: tilapia
23. Viviparous - species of fish that bring forth living young
which during their early development receive nourishment
from their mother fish
24. Ovoviviparous - species of fish whose eggs are fertilized
and developed within the body but the young when born
alive do not receive nourishment from the mother fish ex:
Rays and Sharks
25. Food chain - the linear relationship of undergoing the
process of eating and being eaten.
26. Scavenger - species of fish that feed on decaying
organic matter
27.Lab-lab - the vernacular term for all the greenish,
brownish or yellowish crust of micro benthic fauna and
flora, which are found growing in matrix or mat at the
pond floor.
28. Fecundity - the number of eggs laid by a female fish
in one spawning.
29. Standing crop - the total number of fish stocked at a
given area at a given time.
30. Biomas - the total weight of the animal in the given
environment.
 Compartments of a Fishpond and
Functions
1. Nursery pond - the smallest and the cleanest
compartment where fish are reared from fry up to pre
fingerling size
2. Transition pond - a compartment where fish are
reared from pre fingerling size to post fingerling size
before stocking them in to other larger compartments, it
is also known as stunting pond.
3. Rearing pond - the largest compartment of a fishpond
where fishes are reared from post fingerlings up to
marketable size
4. Breeding pond - a compartment where
spawners are confined and are used purposely
for the production of fry
5. Catching pond - an area that serves as
catchment basin for fish harvest
6. Head pond - an area that serves as water
reservoir where water is stored before going to
other pond compartments
7. Water supply canal - canal used to supply
water throughout the whole fish pond system
Interpreting Plans and Layout
 Improved Fishpond Layout

Legend:
NP – Nursery Pond
FP – Formation Pond
RP – Rearing Pond
SC – Supply Canal
 Species of fish that are commonly cultured
in ponds:
I. Native or
Indigenous

Local English Names Scientific Names

Names

Dalag Mudfish or murrel Ophicephalus

Snakehead fish striatus

Hito Freshwater Clarias batrachus

catfish
Martiniko Climbing perch Anabas testudinius

Biya Goby Glossogobius

guirrus

Ayungin Therapon Therapon

plumbeus

Bangus Milk fish Chanos chanos

II. Introduced or
Exotic Fishes

Local Names English Names Scientific Names

Karpa Common carp Cyprinus carpio

Tilapia Nile tilapia Oreochromis

niloticus

Tilapia Zill’s tilapia Tilapia zilli

Tilapia Java tilapia Oreochromis

mossambicus

Gorami Giant gourami Osphronemous

gourami

Plasalid Plasalid Trichogaster

pectoralis
Local Names English Names Scientific Names

Alimango Mud crab Scylla serrata

Alimasag Blue crab Neptunus

pelagicus

Sugpo Jumbo tiger Penaeus monodon

prawn
 Common Enemies of Fish
1. Predators - fish and other animals that prey on the
cultured species of fish

2. Competitors - fish and other animals that compete

with the cultured species in terms of food, space and
oxygen

3. Nuisances - crustaceans and other animals that do a

lot of damage to the food and in the habitat of fish.
Natural Food of Fish in the Pond Picture

1. Plankton- small plants floating in

water

2. Lab-lab – a twining leguminous

plant

3. Algae – are a very large and

diverse group of simple, typically
autotrophic organisms, ranging
from unicellular to multicellular form s,
such as the giant kelps that grow to
65 meters in length.
 Other Fish Culture Facilities
1. Hapa - it is an unframed
net tied to posts and principally used
for nursing fry and holding of breeder. It
looks like an inverted mosquito net.
2. Fish cage - it is a framed net that is either
fixed or mobile. Set in water and surrounded
with a bamboo raft and provided with an
anchor at the bottom. It is used for the culture
of fish from fry to marketable size.
3. Fish pen - it is an enclosure of net or bamboo
slats with sturdy posts staked at the bottom of
water and used for the culture of fish from fry to
marketable size

Tank - it is a structure made of brick tile or

concrete used for the purpose of culturing fish
from fry, to marketable size. It can also be used as a
breeding tank, or as conditioning tank for breeders.
4. Raceway – an enclosure of concrete soil or
added materials generally in the shape of the
canal through which constant water flows. Fish
are raised in the raceway at high density and
their waste products are carried out by the
water passing through the areas.
 Activity I
Directions: Research on the different aquaculture facilities and practices
commonly undertaken in the country today:
Aquaculture facilities Species of fish raised Location

Ex. Cages Tilapia, bangus, Freshwater, brackish

grouper water, open salt
water
Process
Activity II

Research on the evolution of fish and present your work to

class.
1. Why is there a need to familiarize yourselves with the
morphology of fishes?
2. How can you differentiate the various phases of fish culture?
3. Explain why there is a need for you to be acquainted with
the different terminologies to be used in fish culture.
4. How are the types of fish culture classified and why?
5. How are the different compartments divided based on
specifications?
Understanding
Let us reflect and understand:
Write your opinion and reflection after discussing the first part
of the module. Would it be enough for you to decide whether
or not you will be a part of the fish industry to augment family
income?

___________________________________________________
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Transfer
Activity III
Visit a nearby fishpond, draw it on a coupon
bond with a scale of 1 mm: 1m. Follow the
specific dimensions and scale. Then indicate the
parts.
PRE-FINAL
 Lesson 3 – Fish Capture
Objectives
1. Explain the importance of knowing the classification of
fishing gear used in the Philippines.
2. Familiarize the learners with the simple construction and
operation of common fishing gear.
3. Teach the learners the proper ways of handling the fishing
gear and safety measures in the operation of the gear.
4. Help them identify the gear to be presented.
5. Assist the learners to distinguish the possibility of
marketing and having a source of income from gear
construction and operation.
 Activity

Directions: Visit a fish landing area in your

community. Take note of the fishing gears used
by the fishermen and conduct an interview on
how they were constructed and operated.
Fishermen Fishing gear Methods of Operation
used construction

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
 Basic Classification of Philippine Fishing
Methods and Gears, and Safety Measures
1. Fishing without gear – a method that is composed
of the most simple forms of gathering aquatic
resources

2. Stupefying methods - a method that depend on the

psychological reaction of fish to certain physical or
chemical properties
a. Mechanical stupefying
b. Fish Poisoning
3. Panikwat- Fishing using miscellaneous hand
or grappling instruments generally used for
gathering sessile or trapped animals.
 English Names Local Names
1. Shovels - pala
2. Tongs - sipit
3. Gafts - gantso
4. Hoes - panghukay
5. Picks - patik, piko
6. Scrapers - pangayod
7. Spades - pangdukal
8. Grabs - pandakut
9. Rakes - kapangpangan- kalaskas, tagalog bikol – kalaykay
Tagalog-lawiswis, pangahig,ilongo- palunpat, iloko-
tako, sagad, bikol - saliwsiw
10. Tweezers - pambunot
11. Dredges - pangahig
12. Scoops - tagalog – panalok,bithay,iloko – parwas,tagaban,
Kapangpangan- sagudsod,Sebu – sihud, Bisaya -sangya
13. Pokers - pangsundot
14. Clamps - pang-ipit
15. Snares - Tagalog – panilo, Bukidnon – panghilot,
Aklan – hikog
4. Wounding Gear - gears used by man who to
wound a fish from some distance either by
throwing pointed objects or using specials
equipment
a. Spears, lances and arrows -
b. Harpoons -
c. Riffle - baril
5. Barriers and Traps - gears that lead the fish
into a situation or enclosure from which it
cannot escape or from which the way of escape
is not easily located.
a. Barricades
b. Fish shelter
c. Fish coral
d. Fish pots
6. Fishing with lines - method of line fishing with
hooks that follows the principle of offering the
fish real or artificial bait which it tries to catch
a. Handlines - long simple lines with one or
small series of hooks requiring constant
attention
1. Simple handline or drop line
2. Multiple handline
3. Jigger
4. Pole and line
5. Troll line
7. Longlines - extremely long lines with a large series of baited
hooks either set or drifting that requires only periodical
attention at more or less a fixed time
intervals.

Set long lines - lines anchored

or fixed and not free to move with the
current.

a. Drift long lines - lines without fixed attachments

8. Falling Gear - a type of gear that works on the
principle of covering the fish with a gear
1. Cover pot - salakab
2. Cover net - panaklob
3. Cast net - conical net which when thrown
forms a circle covering the
fish.
9. Fish impounding nets - gear usually made of
woven or knitted fibers with mesh to confine
the fish
a. Filter nets
b. Hoop nets
c. Fyke nets
d. Pound nets
10. Scooping nets – nets that take fish by
submerging a hanging net and swiftly lifting the
gear to capture or enclose the fish over it
a. Crab lift nets - bintol
b. Lift net - salambaw
c. Lever net - salambaw
d. blanket nets – paduyan
e. Bag net - basin
f. push nets
g. skimming nets
11.Drive-in gear - a gear that uses a scare line or
other devices to frighten the fish toward the
net. The harvest of the fish is affected by the
lifting process of the nets
a. Drive-in-net - kalaskas
b. Muro-ami
12.Dragged gear - nets which are pulled through
the water or near the bottom or even
pelagically for an unlimited time
a. Dredges
b. Trawls
13.Seine nets – nets that consist of a bust or bag
with very long wings or towing warps. The
capture of fish is done by surrounding a certain
area of water with school of fish and towing the
gear over this area with both ends to a fixed
point on the shore or on a vessel.
14.Surrounding nets - fishing devices made of
long walls of webbings; capture of fish is by
surrounding the fish not only from the side but
also from beneath.
a.Round haul seine- sapyaw
b.Purse seine & Ring net
c. Stop seine- pangulong
15. Gill nets - simple walled curtain-like nets set
vertically in water

a. Set gill nets

b. Drift gill nets
c. Trammed nets
16. Traps for jumping or flying fishes - a method
of catching fish that it jumps, falls back into a
horizontal floating or suspended net, raft trap,
or even in an empty boat or box (pangsiriw in
Iloko)
Process
Activity I
Visit a fishing village. Observe the different techniques and gear
employed in catching fishes and other aquatic resources
1. Why is there a need to get acquainted with the different fishing
gear used in the Philippines?
2. How are these fishing gear classified?
3. If you were given a chance to go with a fisherman to fish what
would you do to have more catch and which of the gear would
you recommend? Why?
4. Do you think the kind of gear and the method of operation
have a role in a successful fishing operation ? Why?
Reflect and Understand
Activity I
Gather pictures regarding fishing gear and their
operations. Research and analyze by means of
the internet additional information on fishing
gear classifications and operations. Present your
work to the class. Analyze how effective this
method is for capturing or gathering fishes.
Transfer
Activity II
You may now start making a simple hand line. The materials needed are:
1. Bamboo pole – 3 to 5 meters long, 2 inches in diameter and tapered at one end
2. Synthetic line – no. 8, 3 ½ meters long
3. Terminal tackle – a term applied to things like hooks and baits that are attached to the end of
the fishing line
Tools needed:
Bolo
Spoke shave
Hammer
After preparing the needed materials and hooks, follow the procedures below:
1. Thread one end of the line through the hole of the hook and tie into two knots to secure the
hook.
2. Tie the other end of the line twice around the tapered end of the pole just beside the
internodes to keep this from slipping.
3. Tie with a square knot.
4. Place the bait on the hook.
Activity III
Investigate/research on the safety measures in fish capture in the
following workplaces:
1.1. Inlands/Ponds
1.2. Lakes/Bays
1.3. Seas/Ocean
In this lesson, you were given information on the different fishing gear
used in the country and how to capture fish by means of these gears.
After you were introduced to the content of this lesson, perhaps you
can undertake some activities related to fish capture most especially
going out to fish and constructing a gear like the pole and line. This
activity can be a hobby and business activity for you and your family.
FINALS
Fish Processing (Preservation)