UNIVERISTY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR

CE–409
Steel Structures
Modified By:
Engr. Sheheryar
Dr. Muhammad Waseem

Department of Civil Engineering

UET Peshawar
Course Instructors

Engr. Sheheryar (MSc, Pak)

Lecturer,
Department of Civil Engineering,
UET Peshawar.
Office: Ist Floor, Coordinator Office, UET Peshawar
E-mail:

Dr. Muhammad Waseem (PhD, Italy)

Associate Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
UET Peshawar.
Office: 1st Floor, Academic Block, Department of Civil Engineering, UET Peshawar
E-mail: [email protected]

CE-409:Steel Structures
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar.
Course Information

Course Title: Steel Structures

Course Code: CE – 409
Course Duration: One Semester
Credit Units: 03 Credit Hrs. (Contact Hrs. 03)
Level: 8th Semester (4th Year)
Medium of Instruction: English
Prerequisites: None
Equivalent Courses: None

CE-409: Steel Structures 3

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Course Aims, CLOs, PLOs

Course Aim
To develop understanding among students to the steel as
structural component and to develop their ability to design of various
structural members comprising of a complete structural system.

CLOs, Mapping with PLOs

Taxonomy
CLO No. Description PLOs
Domain

Describe the theories and models suitable for the analysis

1 C2 1
and design of structural steel members.

Analyze structural steel members under axial loads, flexure

2 C5 2
and shear and connections under axial loads

Design structural steel members under axial loads, flexure

3 C6 3
and shear and connections under axial loads

CE-409: Steel Structures 4

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Assessment Activities

Sessional Activities
(20%)
• Assignments (03
Nos.)
• Quizzes
(03 Nos.)
• Complex Engineering Problem (01 No.)

Mid-term Exam
(20%)

Final-term Exam
(60%)

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Topics

• Introduction
• Design Philosophies
• Design of Welded Connections
• Design of Bolted Connections
• Design of Tension Members
• Design of Compression Members

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Topics

• Design of Column Bases

• Design of Beams
• Design of Composite Beams
• Design of Plate Girders

CE-409: Steel Structures 7

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Recommended Books

Steel Design Design of Steel Structures Structural Steel

by by by
William T. Segui Edwin H. Gaylord Jack C. McCormac
(Fifth Edition) (Third Edition) (Sixth Edition)

CE-409:Steel Structures 8
Department of Civil Engineering,
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Reference Manual

Manual of Steel Construction

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
by
AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction)
(Second Edition)

CE-409:Steel Structures 9
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
 CE-409: Steel Structures

Lecture No. 1
Introduction to Steel Structures

By:

Engr. Sheheryar
Dr. Muhammad Waseem

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar

Objectives

• To provide basic knowledge about steel structures design process

• To introduce different steel materials which can be opted for steel
design.
• To provide an idea to the students that what are the different structural
shape options available.
• Difference between building codes and specifications in design of steel
structures.

CE-409: Steel Structures 11

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Contents

• Structural Design Process

• Building Codes

• Design Specifications

• Types of Structural Steel

• Typical Stress-Strain Curves

• Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

CE-409: Steel Structures 12

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Structural Design

• The structural design of buildings (steel or reinforced concrete)

requires:

 Dimensions of the supporting frame

 Selection of Cross-Sections of individual member

• The functional design, including the establishment of number of

stories and the floor plan are decided by the architect and the
structural engineer works within the constraints already set.

• In short, the architect decides how the building should look like
while the structural engineer make sure that the building does not
fall.

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Design Process

1. Functional Planning:
Development of a plan that will enable the structure to fulfill effectively the
purpose for which it is to be built

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Design Process

2. Structural Scheme:

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Design Process

2. Structural Scheme (continued):

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Design Process

3. Preliminary Member Sizing of Beams:

Development of a plan that will enable the structure to fulfill effectively the
purpose for which it is to be built

Deflection Considerations
ASD Commentary L3.1 suggests following Limits:

L 800
 For fully stressed Beams & Girders
D Fy ( Ksi )
L
 20 For Beams & Girders subject to
D vibrations

L 800
 For Roof Purlins
D Fy ( Ksi )
CE-409: Steel Structures 17
Department of Civil Engineering,
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Design Process

3. Preliminary Member Sizing of Beams:

Strength/Capacity Considerations

Design Moment
Trib
u t a ry
Are
a

Beam
Unbraced Length

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Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Design Process

3. Preliminary Member Sizing of Beams:

Strength/Capacity Considerations

Tributary Area

• Use of Tributary Areas and

Column Tables

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Design Process

4. Structural Analysis Modeling:

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Design Process

4. Structural Analysis- Analysis

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Design Process

5. Design Review/ Member Modification

Must be chosen so that they will be able to resist, within appropriate
margin of safety, the forces which the structural analysis has disclosed.

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Design Process

6. Cost Estimation
1. Make a tentative cost estimates for several preliminary structural
layouts.
2. Selection of constructional material based on:
Availability of specific material
Corresponding skilled labor
Relative costs
Wage scales

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Design Process

6. Preparation of Structural Drawing

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Structural Design (Cont.)

• A general statement assuming safety in engineering design is

Resistance ≥ Effect of Applied Load(s) (Eq. 1)

• In Eq. 1, it is essential that both sides are evaluated for same

conditions and units. For example, compressive stress on column
should be compared with compressive strength of column material
(steel, concrete, wood, etc.)

• The resistance of a structure/building comes from the materials and

cross-sections.

• The terms resistance, capacity and strength are substitutable.

• The terms like demand, stress and load are used to express the
effect of applied load(s).

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Structural Design (Cont.)
• A structural engineer shall always make sure that a structure does
not exceed the limit states.

• When a particular loading reaches its limit, failure is the assumed

result, i.e., the loading condition becomes failure mode, such a
condition is referred to as limit state.

Limit State:
A limit state is a condition beyond which a structural system or a
structural component ceases to fulfill the function for which it is
designed.

• The limit states can broadly be classified into the following three
categories:
i. Strength Limit State
ii. Serviceability Limit State
iii. Special Limit State
CE-409: Steel Structures 26
Department of Civil Engineering,
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Structural Design (Cont.)
 Strength Limit State: It ensures safety of the structure
• Flexure, Torsion, Shear, Fatigue, Settlement, Bearing

 Serviceability Limit State: It ensures serviceability of the structure

• Cracking, Excessive Deflection, Buckling, Stability

 Special Limit State: It is associated with the economy aspect of the

design
• Structural effects in extreme earthquakes, fire, explosives
• Economy

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Structural Design (Cont.)
• An economical structure requires an efficient use of materials and
construction labor.

• Although this objective can usually be accomplished by a design

that requires a minimum amount of material, savings can often be
realized by using more material if it results in a simpler, more easily
constructed project.

• In fact, materials account for a relatively small portion of the cost of

a typical steel structure as compared with labor and other costs
(Cross, 2005)

• For the design purpose, the structural engineer must select and
evaluate the overall structural system in order to produce an
efficient and economical design but cannot do so without a thorough
understanding of the design of the components of the structure.
Thus, component design is the focus of this course.
CE-409: Steel Structures 28
Department of Civil Engineering,
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Building Codes

• Building must be designed and constructed according to the

provisions of a building code, which is a legal document containing
requirements related to such things as structural safety, fire safety,
plumbing and ventilation

• A building code has the force of law and is administered by a

government.

• Building codes do not give design procedures, but they do specify

the design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied.

• In USA, the following three (03) codes were in practice:

1. Uniform Building Code,
2. BOCA National Building Code,
3. Standard Building Code.

CE-409: Steel Structures 29

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Building Codes (Cont.)

• A unified building code, the International Building Code

(international code council ,2003), has been developed to eliminate
some of the inconsistencies among the three national building
codes.

• ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other structures

(American Society of Civil Engineers ,2002) is similar in form to a
building code. This standard provides load requirements in a format
suitable for adoption as part of a code. The International Building
Code incorporates much of ASCE 7 in its load provision.

• The following codes/standards are being currently used :

1. International Building Code, 2018
2. ASCE 7-16, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other structures

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Design Specifications
• In contrast to building codes, design specifications give more
specific guidance for the design of structural members and their
connections.

• Design specifications represent good engineering practice based

on the latest research.

• They are periodically revised and updated by the issuance of

supplements or completely new editions.

• As with model building codes, design specifications are written in a

legal format by nonprofit organizations.

• They have no legal standing on their own, but by presenting design

criteria and limits in the form of legal mandates and prohibitions,
they can easily be adopted, by reference, as part of a building code.

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Design Specifications (Cont.)

The specifications of most interest to the structural steel designer are

those published by the following organizations.
1. American Institute of Steel Construction
This specification provides for the design of structural
steel buildings and their connections. It is the one of primary concern
in this book, and we discuss it in detail (AISC, 2005a).
2. American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO)
This specification covers the design of highway
bridges and related structures. It provides for all structural materials
normally used in bridges, including steel, reinforced concrete, and
timber (AASHTO, 2002, 2004).

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Department of Civil Engineering,
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Design Specifications (Cont.)

3. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-way

Association (AREMA)
The AREMA Manual of Railway Engineering covers
the design of railway bridges and related structures (AREMA, 2005).
This organization was formerly known as the American Railway
Engineering Association (AREA).

4. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)

This specification deals with cold-formed steel, which
will be discussed in coming slides (AISI, 2001).

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Structural Steel

What is Steel?
• Steel is an alloy in which iron is mixed with carbon and other
elements.
• An Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at
least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has
metallic properties.
• An Alloy usually has different properties (sometimes significantly
different) from those of its components.

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Structural Steel (Cont.)

• In the later part of the eighteenth century and in the early

nineteenth century, cast iron and wrought iron were used in various
types of bridges.
• Steel, an alloy of primarily iron and carbon, with fewer impurities
and less carbon than cast iron, was first used in heavy construction
in the nineteenth century.
• In 1874, the first structural steel railroad bridge Eads bridge was
constructed in St. Louis, Missouri, USA (Tall, 1964).
• In 1884, the first building the Home Insurance Building with a steel
frame was completed in Chicago, USA.

• The different types of steel that can be used, are discussed in the
next slides.

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Structural Steel (Cont.)

Eads bridge during construction (St. Louis, Missouri, USA)

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Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Structural Steel (Cont.)

Eads bridge (St. Louis, Missouri,

USA)
CE-409: Steel Structures 37
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Structural Steel (Cont.)

Home Insurance Building, Chicago, USA

CE-409: Steel Structures 38
Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Structural Steel (Classification)

Types of Steel
Based on the composition, steel can be of the following three
types:

1. Plain carbon steels:

Mostly iron and carbon, with less than 1% carbon.

2. Low-alloy steels:
Iron and carbon plus other components (usually less than
5%). The additional components are primarily for increasing strength, which is
accomplished at the expense of a reduction in ductility.

3. High-alloy or specialty steels:

Similar in composition to the low-alloy steels but with a higher
percentage of the components added to iron and carbon. These steels are
higher in strength than the plain carbon steels and also have some special
quality, such as resistance to corrosion.

CE-409: Steel Structures 39

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Structural Steel (Cont.)

Types of Steel
• Different grades of structural steel are identified by the designation
assigned to them by the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM).
• This organization develops standards for defining materials in terms
of their composition, properties, and performance, and it prescribes
specific tests for measuring these attributes (ASTM, 2005a).
• One of the most commonly used structural steels is a mild steel
designated as ASTM A36, or A36 for short.
• It has a stress–strain curve of the type shown in the Figures in the
following slides.
• It has the following tensile properties.
Yield stress: Fy = 36,000 psi (36 ksi)
Tensile strength: Fu = 58,000 psi to 80,000 psi (58
ksi to 80 ksi)
CE-409: Steel Structures 40
Department of Civil Engineering,
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Structural Steel (Cont.)

Types of Steel
• Other commonly used structural steels are ASTM A572 Grade 50
and ASTM A992.
• These two steels are very similar in both tensile properties and
chemical composition, with a maximum carbon content of 0.23%.
• A comparison of the tensile properties of A36, A572 Grade 50, and
A992 is given in table below:

CE-409: Steel Structures 41

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Stress-Strain Curves (Mild Steel)
• The characteristics of steel that are of the most interest to structural
engineers can be examined by plotting the results of a tensile test.

• If a test specimen is subjected to an axial load P, as shown in

Figure, the stress and strain can be computed as follows:

&

where,
f = axial tensile stress
P = load applied P P
A = cross-sectional area
𝜺 = axial strain L ΔL
L = length of specimen
ΔL = change in length Area = A
Section
CE-409: Steel Structures 42
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Stress-Strain Curves (Mild Steel)
Typical Stress-Strain Curve (Ductile/Mild Steel)

CE-409: Steel Structures 43

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Stress-Strain Curves (Mild Steel)
Idealized Stress-Strain Curve (Ductile/Mild Steel)

CE-409: Steel Structures 44

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Stress-Strain Curves (Mild Steel)
Idealized Stress-Strain Curve (Ductile/Mild Steel)

CE-409: Steel Structures 45

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Stress-Strain Curves (Mild Steel)
Various Points on Stress-Strain Curve:
i. Proportional Limit:
The point on the stress-strain curve, up to which the
stress and strain in a material remains proportional. The material is
said to be follow Hook’s Law.
ii. Elastic Limit:
The point on the stress-strain curve, up to which the
stress and strain in a material remains proportional. The material is
said to follow Hook’s Law.
iii. Yield Point:
The point at which the material will have appreciable
deformation without any appreciable increase in load.
iv. Ultimate Strength Point:
The maximum stress that a material can bear before
any failure. It corresponds to the maximum stress point on the stress-
strain curve.
CE-409: Steel Structures 46
Department of Civil Engineering,
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Stress-Strain Curves (Mild Steel)
v. Rupture Point:
The point on the stress-strain curve at which the
material fails / breaks / fractures.
vi. Engineering Stress:
The stress obtained by using the original (initial) area
of the material in calculations.
vii. Engineering Strain:
The strain obtained by using the original length of the
material in calculations.
viii. True Stress:
The stress obtained by using the current area of the
material in calculations.
ix. True Strain:
The stress obtained by using the current length of the
material in calculations.

CE-409: Steel Structures 47

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Stress-Strain Curves (Mild Steel)
x. Elastic Region:
The region in which the material obeys Hook’s Law. In
this region the stress and strain varies proportionally. Up to this stress,
the specimen can be unloaded without any permanent deformation
xi. Plastic Region:
The constant stress region where the specimen
elongates without any change in load.
xii. Strain Hardening:
At a strain of approximately 12 times the strain at
yield, strain hardening begins, and additional load (and stress) is
required to cause additional elongation (and strain).
xiii. Necking:
At the maximum value of stress, the specimen begins
to “neck down”. The stress decreases with increasing strain, and
fracture occurs.

CE-409: Steel Structures 48

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Stress-Strain Curves (Mild Steel)
Mechanical Properties of a Test Specimen:

i. Ductility:
The ability of a material to undergo significant plastic
deformation before fracturing. The stress-strain curve showed in the
previous slide is of a typical ductile behavior, which has capacity for
inelastic deformations. The ductility can be measured by the
elongation as:
x 100
where,
e = elongation in %age
= Length of specimen at fracture
= Original Length of Specimen

CE-409: Steel Structures 49

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Stress-Strain Curves (Cont.)

ii. Modulus of Elasticity:

The ratio of the stress to strain within the elastic range
is the modulus of elasticity. It is same for all the structural steel and
has a value of 29000 ksi.
iii. Toughness:
It is the capacity of the material to absorb energy. It is
calculated as area under the stress-strain curve.
iv. Resilience:
It is the capacity of the material to absorb energy
within the elastic region and release that energy upon unloading. It is
calculated as area under the stress-strain curve up to the proportional
limit.
v. Brittleness:
It is the property of a material that fractures when
subjected to stress, without any post yield deformation.

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Stress-Strain Curves (High Strength Steel)

Typical Stress-Strain Curve (High Strength Steel)

• No well-defined yield point or

yield plateau.
• The 0.2% offset method is
used for determining the
yield strength.
• A strain of 0.002 is usually
selected, and this method of
determining the yield
strength is called the 0.2%
offset method

CE-409: Steel Structures 51

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Stress-Strain Curves (Cont.)

Typical Stress-Strain Curve (Comparison)

CE-409: Steel Structures 52

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Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes

CE-409: Steel Structures 53

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University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes (Cont.)

CE-409: Steel Structures 54

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes (Cont.)

CE-409: Steel Structures 55

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes (Cont.)

CE-409: Steel Structures 56

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes (Cont.)

CE-409: Steel Structures 57

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Standard Cross-Sectional Shapes (Cont.)
Symbolic Representation of Various shapes

• W represents shape of the section

• 18 is the depth of the section (in inches)
• 50 is the nominal weight (in lb/ft)

• L represents shape of the section, angle

• 6 is the length of one leg (in inches)
• 6 is the length of the other leg (in inches)
• is the thickness of the angle (in inches)

CE-409: Steel Structures 58

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Steel Structural Members
1. Tension Members
Primarily occur as:
• Chord Members in trusses:
• In diagonal bracing in bracing systems;
• Cable elements in suspension roofs, main cables of suspension
bridges and suspenders.

CE-409: Steel Structures 59

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Steel Structural Members (Cont.)
2. Compression Members
Primarily occur as:
• Columns in buildings;
• Chord Members in trusses and diagonal members in end panels of
trusses
• Stability is an important consideration in design and behavior of
compression members

CE-409: Steel Structures 60

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Steel Structural Members (Cont.)
3. Beam Members
• Primarily loaded transverse to the longitudinal axis and resist loading by
flexure
• X-sectional area is located as far from the neutral axis as is practical
• Commonly W shapes are used in most cases
• For deeper beams I-shaped sections made by welding plates are
commonly used
• For smaller loads and spans open-web joists are commonly used
• Instability due to lateral Torsional Buckling is an important consideration

Open-Web Steel Joist

• Economical & popular for Roof & floor framing.
• Bar joist are supported by bearing walls or steel girders.
• Floor of thin concrete reinforced in both directions with rebars or welded
wire fabric.

CE-409: Steel Structures 61

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Steel Structural Members (Cont.)

CE-409: Steel Structures 62

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Famous Steel Structures

Eiffel Tower, Paris James R. Thompson Center, Chicago

CE-409: Steel Structures 63

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Famous Steel Structures

The Geodesic Dome Golden Gate Bridge, USA

at Walt Disney
World
CE-409: Steel Structures 64
Department of Civil Engineering,
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Famous Steel Structures

Taipei 101, Taiwan Beijing National Stadium, China

CE-409: Steel Structures 65

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Practice Problems

CE-409: Steel Structures 66

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Practice Problems

Solution

CE-409: Steel Structures 67

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Practice Problems

CE-409: Steel Structures 68

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Practice Problems

CE-409: Steel Structures 69

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Practice Problems

CE-409: Steel Structures 70

Department of Civil Engineering,
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Thank You!
Do you have any questions?

CE-409: Steel Structures

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Structural Design (Cont.)

Components of Structure:

D F
E

Beam
Column
Beam-Column

Beam-Column

A B C

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 Design Process

The involvement of Structural engineer in the functional planning is very imp

because an Architect can suggest a plane which is practically not possible.

73
CE-411: Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
 Tributary Area

74
CE-411: Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
Loads

Definition:
The forces that act on a structure are called loads.

These loads can be broadly classified into two (02) categories:

1. Dead Loads
Dead loads are those that are permanent, including
the weight of the structure itself, which is sometimes called the self-
weight.
In addition to the self-weight of the structure, dead
loads in a building include the weight of nonstructural components
such as floor coverings, partitions, and suspended ceilings (with light
fixtures, mechanical equipment, and plumbing).
All the loads mentioned thus far are forces resulting
from gravity and are referred to as gravity loads.

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Loads (Cont.)

2. Live Loads
Those loads which are not permanently attached to
the structure (unlike the dead loads) and can vary in magnitude and
location with time. Live loads can also be gravity loads like the dead
loads.
Examples of live loads include furniture, equipment,
occupants of buildings, earthquake load, snow load, wind load, blast
load, etc.
As, the magnitude of a live load is not well defined,
therefore, these loads, must be estimated based on certain codes.
In many cases, a structural member must be
investigated for various positions of a live load so that a potential
failure condition is not overlooked.
If a live load is applied slowly and is not removed and
reapplied, then it can be quantified as a static load. In this course, all
the loads to be dealt with, will be considered as static loads.

CE-409: Steel Structures 76

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Structural Design (Cont.)

Components of Structure:
The components of a frame structure can be classified as:
i. Beam:
A structural member used to carry vertical / transverse
loads. It is primarily subjected to bending or flexural stresses.
ii. Column:
A structural member used to carry axial loads. It is
primarily subjected to axial compressive stresses.
iii. Beam-Column:
A structural member used to carry axial loads along with
significant amount of bending. It is primarily subjected to axial compressive
stresses.
In reality, all members, even those classified as beams or columns,
may be subjected to both bending and axial loading, but in many cases, the
effects are minor and can be neglected.

CE-409: Steel Structures 77

Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar