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The document discusses several schools of thought in psychology that have contributed to the development of the field. It describes the biological model which examines biological factors like genetics and brain structure. It also outlines psychoanalysis founded by Sigmund Freud which focuses on the unconscious mind. Behaviorism is discussed as believing behavior can be studied objectively through conditioning. Associationism and Gestaltism are also summarized as they relate to learning and holistic perception respectively. The cognitive model views psychology as the study of internal mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

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20 views

Presentation 1

The document discusses several schools of thought in psychology that have contributed to the development of the field. It describes the biological model which examines biological factors like genetics and brain structure. It also outlines psychoanalysis founded by Sigmund Freud which focuses on the unconscious mind. Behaviorism is discussed as believing behavior can be studied objectively through conditioning. Associationism and Gestaltism are also summarized as they relate to learning and holistic perception respectively. The cognitive model views psychology as the study of internal mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

Uploaded by

member.2.09116
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Schools as Roots of

Psychology
Group Members

• M.Mushraf BSCS-M2-19-07
• Usama BSCS-M2-19-31
• Tehrem Arshad BSCS-M2-19-59
• Aliya Batool BSCS-M2-19-09
• Sohaib BSCS-M2-19-56
• Biological Model

In the field of psychology, a biological model refers to an approach that


seeks to understand human behavior and mental processes by examining
the biological factors that contribute to them. It emphasizes the role of
genetics, brain structure and function, and physiological processes in
shaping our thoughts, emotions, and actions.

The biological model complements other psychological approaches, such


as cognitive or social models, by providing a biological perspective on
human behavior and mental processes.
Example

An example of biological approch to psychology would be the


fear response. The fear response is give away to fight, fight, or
freeze bahaviors. which course of action an individual takes in
the presence of a stressor relies on their biological make-up.
• School of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis and the psychodanamic


approach to psychology. This school of thought emphasized the influence
of the unconscious mind of behavior.

Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements:
1. The id: consists of primal urges.
2. The ego: is the component of personality charged with dealing with
reality.
3. The Super-ego: is the part of the personality that holds all the ideals and
values we internalize from our parents and culture.
During psychoanalysis, the therapist helps the individual explore
their thoughts, dreams, and childhood experiences to uncover
unconscious patterns and conflicts. By understanding these
hidden influences, individuals can gain insight into their
behaviors and emotions, and work towards resolving any
unresolved conflicts or issues.
• Behaviorism

Behaviorism is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are
acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs through interaction
with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our actions are shaped by
environmental stimuli

n simple terms, according to this school of thought, also known as


behavioral psychology, behavior can be studied in a systematic and
observable manner regardless of internal mental states.2 Behavioral theory
also says that only observable behavior should be studied, as cognition,
emotions, and mood are far too subjective.
History of Behaviorism
Behaviorism was formally established with the 1913 publication of John B.
Watson's classic paper, "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It."3 It is best
summed up by the following quote from Watson, who is often considered
the father of behaviorism:
• Associationism

The theory that complex mental processes, such as thinking, learning, and
memory, can be wholly or mainly explained by the associative links formed
between ideas (see association of ideas) according to specific laws.
Although Aristotle cited some of these laws (similarity, difference,
contiguity in time or space, etc.), the theory was first stated systematically
by Thomas Hobbes, who held that all knowledge is compounded from
relatively simple sense impressions.
The laws and applications of association were later developed by John
Locke and other members of the British empiricist school (see empiricism),
notably George Berkeley, David Hume, David Hartley, James Mill, and
John Stuart Mill.
Although the approach taken by such thinkers was relatively static and
nonexperimental, there are echoes of associationism in much historical and
contemporary psychology. Most importantly, associationism has been
invoked to explain the pairing of stimuli and responses. As such, it is a
fundamental assumption of modern learning theory and all behaviorist
approaches (see behaviorism). Also called British associationism.
• Gestaltism

Gestalt school of thought viewed human behaviour and mind as a complete


whole. The term Gestalt means totality, Structure, Figure or Unity. Gestalt
school of thought came into inception during early 20th century in
Germany in the famous work of “The Attributes of Form” by the Australian
Philosopher Christian von Ehrenfels. Gestalt psychology is based on the
principle that “The whole is different than the sum of its parts”.
This study has major contributions in explaining the complex processes of
perception and sensation, with major emphasis on the fact that human
minds perceive objects or make sense of the world around them by viewing
things in totality or from a holistic perspective.
Characteristics of Gestalt Theory
• Holistic Approach: For analyzing the mental health, the Gestalt
psychologists adopted a holistic approach, instead of analyzing various
dimensions in isolation.
• Perceiving realities and structuring information based on past
experiences: We perceive realities differently and perceive information
differently by being under the influence of our previous experiences. We
can adapt our mental processes or perceptions as and when the new
situation arises
• Focus on Perception: The Gestalt psychologist’s main focus was on
explaining the laws of perception
• Cognitive Model

Psychology involves the study of internal mental processes—all of the


workings inside your brain, including perception, thinking, memory,
attention, language, problem-solving, and learning.

Cognitive psychology--the study of how people think and process


information--helps researchers understand the human brain. It also allows
psychologists to help people deal with psychological difficulties.
1. Attention--our ability to process information in the environment while tuning out
irrelevant details
2. Choice-based behavior--actions driven by a choice among other possibilities
3. Decision-making
4. Forgetting
5. Information processing Language
6. Acquisition--how we learn to read, write, and express ourselves
7. Memory
8. Problem-solving
9. Speech perception-how we process what others are saying
10. Visual perception--how we see the physical world around us

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