WELCOME!

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Engr. Hira Noor Shaikh

DATA COMMUNICATION
By Engr. Hira Noor Shaikh
[email protected]

HYDERABAD INSTITUTE OF ARTS, SCIENCE & TECHONOLGY BSITLecture: 1

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GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course, the students will be able to:

Students will be able to develop conceptual understanding of the data communication and different types of transmission media that are used to transmit data and will get theoretical aspects of determining the maximum data transmission rate.

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ASSESSMENT

Sessional Test: Final Exam:

20% 80%

Mid term as per HIAST policy will be held after 9th lecture.

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Sessional Test: There will be 3 sessional tests, out of 3 tests, 2 best test results will be selected for final sessional result. Sessional Marks obviously depend on your class performance!! Final Exam: Final examination will cover all syllabus of Data Communication.
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Text & Reference Books:

B.P Lathi. Communication Systems. Nov 1999. Eloyd Temes, Electronic Communication, Schaums Outline Series. Gillbat Hold, Understanding Data Communication 4th Ed, 1996. Dr A. Q. Khan Rajput & Naeem A. Yousfani, Data Communication 1st Ed, 2002.
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CLASSROOM POLICY

All students in the class must treat others with civility and respect and conduct themselves during class sessions in a way that does not unreasonably interfere with the opportunity of other students to learn. Failure to comply with this requirement may result in exclusion

from class
7

room
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What is Communication?

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Introduction to Communication

Communications is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behaviour Communication systems are reliable, economical and efficient means of communications

Public switched telephone network (PSTN), mobile telephone communication (GSM, 3G, ...), broadcast radio or television, navigation systems, ...

Communication was one of the first application of electrical technology. Today, Communication is in the age of fiber optics, satellite communication & cellular communication.
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History of Communication

Practical electrical communication began in 1837 with Samuel Morses telegraph system. Use electricity to send messages Transmitter(consisting of a telegraph key & Battery) Convert information signal into electrical signal A receiver(Sounder) to convert electrical signal into sound that could be perceived by the operator In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone for voice communication.

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Basic Element of Communication System

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Communication System
Source:

The Source originates a message, such as a Human voice, a TV picture, a teletype message, or data. If the data is non electrical it must be converted by an input transducer into an electrical waveform referred to as the Baseband signal or message signal. The source or information signal can be analog or digital Telephone Quality voice(analog signal) 300Hz3KHz Analog high music frequency 20Hz to 20KHz. Analog video signal dc to 4.2 MHz (6MHz)
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Communication System
Transmitter: modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission.

It is a collection of electronics components & circuits designed to convert the information into a signal suitable for transmission over given communication medium. Simple as microphone or complex as microwave radio transmitter

Transmitters consists of one or more of the following subsystems: a pre-emphasizer, a sampler, a quantizer, a coder, and a modulator.
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Communication System
Communication Channel:

The communication channel is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place to another. Types of media include

Electrical conductors Optical media Free space System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for sonar).

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Communication System
Receiver:

reprocesses the signal received from the channel by undoing the signal modifications made at the transmitter and the channel. The output of receiver is fed to the output transducer, which converts the electrical signal to its original form the message. Simple as earphone or complex as electronic receiver. Receivers may consist of a demodulator, a decoder, a filter, and a de-emphasizer.
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Non- Linear and Linear Distortion?? Home work

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Communication System
Noise The signal is not only distorted by the channel, but it also contaminated along the path by undesirable signals lumped under the broad term NOISE.
it is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the communication system via the communicating medium and interferes with the transmitted message. Noise can be EXTERNAL or INTERNAL.
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External noise & Internal Noise??

Home work

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SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is defined as the ratio of signal power to noise power. The channel distorts the signal, and the noise accumulates along the path. Worse yet, the signal strength decreases while the noise level increases with the distance from the transmitter. Thus the SNR is continuously decreasing along the length of the channel.
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Types of Electronics communication

Electronic communication are classified as according to whether they are I. One way or Two way transmission II. Analog versus digital signals

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Simplex

Simplex or one way communication Information travel in only one direction

Tell me some examples....?? Hurry up!!!

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Duplex

Duplex or Two way communication When individuals communicate with one another over telephone, each can transmit and hear simultaneously, such communication is referred as FULL DUPLEX Where only one party transmits at a time this is known as HALF DUPLEX.

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Analog Signal

An analog signal is a continuously varying voltage or current as function of time A typical analog signal is a sine wave. Voice or video signal are analog in nature.

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Analog Signal

Figure: Analog signals (a) Sine wave tone. (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal.

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Digital Signal

A digital signal has discrete sets of values as a function of time, such as binary 1 or 0 Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes. Examples are:

Telegraph (Morse code), use mark and space Continuous wave (CW) code Serial binary code (used in computers)

A digital message constructed with M symbols is called M-ary message.

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Digital Signal

Figure 1-6: Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuouswave (CW) code. (c) Serial binary code.
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Noise Immunity of Digital Signals

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Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):

Most widely used. Developed in 1937 at the Paris Laboratories of AT&T by Alex H. Reeves. PCM is a method of serially transmitting an approximate representation of an analog signal. The PCM signal itself is a succession of discrete, numerically encoded binary values derived from digitizing the analog signal
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Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):

In pulse-code modulation (PCM), an analog message signal is represented by a sequence of coded pulses, which is accomplished by representing the signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude PCM is the most basic form of digital pulse Modulation A PCM system contains three main blocks:

PCM transmitter Transmission path Receiver

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Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion

fig: PCM System

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Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion

Steps of Pulse Code Modulation 1. Quantization: The max. expected amplitude of the analog signal is first "quantized" (it is divided into discrete numerical levels) quantized range = 2 (by the power of no. of converter bits) Quantized Level= 2n

Where n is number of converter bits

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Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion

Quantization:

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Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion

2. Sampling: The process of determining the instantaneous voltage at these given intervals of time

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Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion

Sampling Theorem: It states that if the highest frequency in the signal spectrum is B hertz, the signal can be reconstructed from its samples, taken at a rate not less than 2B samples per second.

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Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion

3. Encoding : The "encoded binary value" is produced representing an approximation of amplitude at the time of the sample. The binary value representing the amplitude is then serialized to form the PCM signal and transmitted onto the communication channel.

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Digital clock Analog input Sample r 7 t Ts Sampling pulses t

5 3 1 0

Encoder
111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000

1 011

11 0 10 1 10 0

Digital signal

Pulse
generator

Figure : A 3-bit PCM system showing analog to 3-bit digital

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Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion

An Example:

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SNR, Channel Bandwidth and the Rate of Communication

Rate and Quality of information transmission are controlled by Bandwidth B and signal power S. The signal power S plays a dual role in information transmission. First S is related to the quality of transmission Second B and S are exchangeable. i.e. we can trade S for B and vice versa.
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Modulation and Multiplexing

Modulation and multiplexing are electronic techniques for transmitting information efficiently from one place to another. Modulation makes the information signal more compatible with the medium. Multiplexing allows more than one signal to be transmitted concurrently over a single medium.
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Modulation and Multiplexing

Baseband Transmission

Baseband information can be sent directly and unmodified over the medium or can be used to modulate a carrier for transmission over the medium.

In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is placed on the wires and transmitted. In some computer networks, the digital signals are applied directly to coaxial or twisted-pair cables for transmission.

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Modulation and Multiplexing

Broadband Transmission

A carrier is a high frequency signal that is modulated by audio, video, or data. A radio-frequency (RF) wave is an electromagnetic signal that is able to travel long distances through space.

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Modulation and Multiplexing

Broadband Transmission

A broadband transmission takes place when a carrier signal is modulated, amplified, and sent to the antenna for transmission. The two most common methods of modulation are:

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM)

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Another method is called phase modulation (PM), in which the phase angle of the sine wave is varied.
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Need for Modulation

Mutual Interference reduction Practical antenna length Operating range Wireless Communication Simultaneous transmission of several signals Effecting the Exchange of SNR with B
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Quote of the Week

Friendship is always a sweet responsibility, never an opportunity.

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