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Introduction Notes

The document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts for secondary 4 students including the periodic table, physical and chemical changes, elements, compounds, mixtures, chemical equations, types of chemical reactions such as synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, and double displacement. Examples are given for each type of chemical reaction. The importance of balancing chemical equations is also discussed.

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Justin Huynh
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33 views

Introduction Notes

The document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts for secondary 4 students including the periodic table, physical and chemical changes, elements, compounds, mixtures, chemical equations, types of chemical reactions such as synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, and double displacement. Examples are given for each type of chemical reaction. The importance of balancing chemical equations is also discussed.

Uploaded by

Justin Huynh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REVIEW OF SECONDARY 4

(Things you should already know


and remember)
Why is the Periodic Table
important to me?
 The periodic table is
the most useful tool to
a chemist.
 You get to use it on
every test.
 It organizes lots of
information about all
the known elements.
The Current Periodic Table

 The horizontal rows are called periods.


 The vertical columns are called groups (families).
 Group 1: Alkali Metals
 Group 2: Earth Alkali Metals
 Group7 : Halogens
 Group 8: Inert (Noble) Gases
 Transition Metals: in the middle
PHYSICAL CHANGES
 Change in state:
such as boiling,
melting,
evaportaion,…
 Basic identity of
substance remains
the same
 Reversible
CHEMICAL CHANGES
 Basic identity of
substance changes
 Irreversible
 Signs of chemical
change:
 Bubbles
 Precipitate forms
 Color change
 Heat or light is given
off
 Electricity produced
DID YOU KNOW?
 A chemical reaction inside fireflies
enables them to light up. It is called
bioluminescence.
 Fireflies shine for a variety of reasons.
 It has been shown that females are
more attracted to males who emit faster
and more intensive flashes of light.
ELEMENTS
 Elements are
made up of only
one kind of
atom, and they
cannot be
broken down.
 They are pure
substances.
COMPOUNDS
 They are pure
substances that can
be broken down into
simpler substances.
 They are made up of
2 or more elements
that are chemically
combined.
MIXTURES
 They are impure substances that are
combined physically and can be separated
physically.
 There are 2 types of mixtures:

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Salt and Water Sand and Water


CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Oxygen + Hydrogen  Water (word equation)


O2 (g) + H2 (g)  H2O (l ) (chemical equation)

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

(g) stands for gas, (l) stands for liquid, (s) stands for solid, (aq)
stands for aqueous
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Synthesis: Combination Reaction
Copper + Oxygen  Copper Oxide
Cu + O2  CuO

Decomposition:
Water  Hydrogen + Oxygen
H2O  H2 + O 2
Synthesis
Example C + O2 CO2
C + O O  O C O

C O O O C O
CC O O O C O
O O C O
C C C OC OOC C OCO
O OO CO O
OO OO
OOO
General: A + B  AB
Decomposition
Example: NaCl

Cl Na  Cl + Na

General: AB  A + B
Single displacement
Example: Zn + CuCl2

Cu Zn
Cl Cl + Zn  Cl Cl + Cu

General: AB + C  AC + B
Double displacement
Example: MgO + CaS

Mg Ca Mg Ca
+  +
O S S O

General: AB + CD  AD + CB
More examples
Single Displacement:
CuO + C  Cu + CO2

Double Displacement:

BaCl2 + K2CO 3 --> BaCO3 + 2 KCl


Combustion Reactions
 Oxygen reacts with another substance
producing carbon dioxide and water and
releases heat.

CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + 2H2O + heat


Balancing Chemical Equations
 Balance the following Haber Process:
N2 + H2  NH3

 You should have got N2 + 3H2  2NH3


 This chemical reaction is named after Fritz
Haber. A German chemist who found a way
to combine nitrogen and hydrogen to
ammonia which can be pumped directly
into the soil as a fertilizer.

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