Database System

Md. Ariful Islam Khandaker Lecturer, CSE Department IIUC.

Introduction
Database Definition Database Management System View of Data Data Models Data Definition Language

Data Manipulation Language

Transaction Management Storage Management Database Administrator Database Users Overall System Structure

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Database Definition
What is Database?

A database system is basically just a computerized recordkeeping system. The database itself can be regarded as a king of electronic filing cabinet; i.e., it is repository or container for a collection of computerized data files.
Difference between Data and Information

Data refer to what is actually stored in the database and Information refers to the meaning of that data as understood by some user. Actually the terms data and information are treated as synonymous.

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Database Continued
Components of Database System

A database system involves four major components:

1. Data - Integrated form, Shared form. 2. Hardware Processor, Primary & Secondary Storage. 3. Software Operating Systems, DBMS. 4. Users Basically two types Administrator, Normal User.

Operation on Database file

Adding new, empty files to the database; Inserting data into existing files;

Retrieving data from existing files;

Changing data in existing files; Deleting data from existing files; Removing existing files from the database.

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Database System Applications

Banking: For customer information, accounts, and loans, and banking

transactions.
Airlines: For reservations and schedule information. Universities: For student information, course registrations, and grades. Credit card transactions: For purchases on credit cards and generation

of monthly statements.
Telecommunication: For keeping records of calls made, generating

monthly bills, maintaining balances on prepaid calling cards, and storing information about the communication networks.
Finance: For storing information about holdings, sales, and purchases of

financial instruments such as stocks and bonds.

Sales: For customer, product and purchase information.

Manufacturing: For management of supply chain and for tracking

production of items in factories, warehouses/stores, and orders for items.

inventories

of

items

in

Human resources: For information about employees, salaries, payroll

taxes and benefits, and for generation of paychecks.

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DBMS
What is DBMS?

o A database-management system (DBMS) is a piece of software that is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data.
o The collection of data, usually referred to as the database, contains information relevant to an enterprise. o The primary goal of a DBMS is- to provide a way to store and retrieve database information that is both convenient and efficient.

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DBMS Continue
Advantages of DBMS
o Data isolation: The DBMS can provide an abstract view of the

data to isolate data from misuse.

o Efficient

data access: A DBMS utilizes a variety of sophisticated techniques to store and retrieve data efficiently.

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DBMS Continued
o Data integrity and Consistency: Integrity means condition to

data. Provide some checks and key constraints not to data miss use. Consistency means before transaction and after transaction database will remain consistence.
o Data administration: When several users share the data,

centralizing the administration of data can offer significant improvements.

o Concurrent access and crash recovery: A DBMS schedules

concurrent accesses to the data in such a manner that users can think of the data as being accessed by only one user at a time. Further, the DBMS protects users from the effects of system failures.
o Data Security:

malicious techniques.

DBMS provides a robust security from the destruction using authorization and authentic

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File systems versus a DBMS

File System DBMS

1. Operating system accesses data directly and it manages itself. 2. It is Flat file which means it can be opened anywhere. 3. Operating systems provide only a password mechanism for security. This is not sufficient flexible to enforce security policies. 4. If the size of the file large (above 500GB), RAM size must be large.

1. Operating system can not access data directly when computer switch on. 2. It is not Flat file. Database Management System program needs to open data. 3. DBMS provides security system for accessing data. That is why, improper user cannot access data randomly. 4. RAM size does not depend on data, because DBMS always selective type. That is required data are stored in RAM. 5. A DBMS schedules concurrent accesses to the data in such a manner that users can think of the data as being accessed by only on user at a time. Further, the DBMS protects users from the effects of system failures.

5. Concurrent access and crash recovery can not possible. Operating system does not responsible for this.

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View of Data
Abstraction: Data Abstraction means hiding basic data or meta data
from all kind of users using views.

An architecture for a database system

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Levels of Abstraction
Physical level describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the

relationships among the data. type customer = record name : string; street : string; city : integer; end;
View level: application programs hide details of data types.

Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for security purposes.

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Instances and Schemas

Similar to types and variables in programming

languages
Schema the logical structure of the database
o e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts and the relationship between them)

o Analogous to type information of a variable in a program

o Physical schema: database design at the physical level o Logical schema: database design at the logical level

Instance the actual content of the database at a

particular point in time

o Analogous to the value of a variable

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Data Models
Model means structure. A collection of tools for describing data data relationships data semantics data constraints Types of Data Models 1. 2. 3.

Entity-Relationship model Relational model Other models:

a) object-oriented model b) semi-structured data models c) Older models: network model and hierarchical model

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Entity-Relationship Model

Example of schema in the entity-relationship model

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Entity Relationship Model (Cont.)

E-R model of real world

o Entities (objects)
o Example.-customers, accounts, bank branch

o Relationships between entities

o Example- Account A-101 is held by customer Johnson o Relationship set depositor associates customers with

accounts Widely used for database design

Database design in E-R model usually converted to design in the relational model (coming up next) which is used for storage and processing

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Relational Model
Relational Model is a tabular representation of ERD Model. Example of tabular data in the relational model
Customerid 192-83-7465 019-28-3746 192-83-7465 321-12-3123 019-28-3746 customername Johnson Smith Johnson Jones Smith customerstreet Alma North Alma Main North customercity accountnumber Attributes

Palo Alto
Rye Palo Alto

A-101
A-215 A-201

Harrison
Rye

A-217
A-201

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A Sample Relational Database

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Database Language
Language is a way of communication. Database Language means a way to communicate with

Database and users.

Two types of Database Languages1. Data Definition Language( DDL ), 2. Data Manipulation Language ( DML).

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Data Definition Language (DDL)

Specification notation for defining the database schema

o Examplecreate table account ( account-number char(10), balance integer)

DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data

dictionary
Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data)

o database schema o Data storage and definition language

language in which the storage structure and access methods

used by the database system are specified

Usually an extension of the data definition language

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Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by

the appropriate data model

DML also known as query language
Two classes of languages

Procedural user specifies what data is required and how to get those data

Nonprocedural user specifies what data is required without specifying how to get those data
SQL is the most widely used query language

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SQL
SQL: widely used non-procedural language

E.g. find the name of the customer with customer-id 192-83-7465 select customer.customer-name from customer where customer.customer-id = 192-83-7465 E.g. find the balances of all accounts held by the customer with customer-id 192-83-7465 select account.balance from depositor, account where depositor.customer-id = 192-83-7465 and depositor.account-number = account.account-number
Application programs generally access databases through one of

Language extensions to allow embedded SQL Application program interface (e.g. ODBC/JDBC) which allow SQL queries to be sent to a database

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Database Users
Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact with

the system
Application programmers interact with system through DML

calls
Sophisticated users form requests in a database query

language
Specialized users write specialized database applications that

do not fit into the traditional data processing framework

Nave users invoke one of the permanent application programs

that have been written previously

E.g. people accessing database over the web, bank tellers, clerical staff

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Database Administrator

Coordinates all the activities of the database system; the

database administrator has a good understanding of the enterprises information resources and needs.
Database administrator's duties include:

Schema definition Storage structure and access method definition Schema and physical organization modification Granting user authority to access the database Specifying integrity constraints Acting as liaison with users Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements

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Transaction Management
A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single

logical function in a database application

Transaction-management component ensures that the database

remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g., power failures and operating system crashes) and transaction failures.
Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among the

concurrent transactions, to ensure the consistency of the database.

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Storage Management
Storage manager is a program module that provides the

interface between the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system.
The storage manager is responsible to the following tasks:

interaction with the file manager efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data

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Overall System Structure

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Application Architectures

Two-tier architecture: E.g. client programs using ODBC/JDBC to communicate with a database Three-tier architecture: E.g. web-based applications, and applications built using middleware

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Thanks to All

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