Chapter One- Part ( II )

Vector Analysis and Coordinate Systems

 1-1: Introduction:
The use of vectors and vector analysis can greatly simplify
the mathematics used in expressing and manipulating the laws and theorems
of electric and magnetic fields.

1-2: Scalars and Vectors:

Scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude, such as:
time, distance, temperature, entropy, energy, mass, electric potential ………

The vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, such as: velocity,
force, displacement, electric and magnetic field intensity …………


The vector A is denoted in Cartesian coordinate as:
 
A  Ax aˆ x  Ay aˆ y  Az aˆ z or A  A aˆ a
where , aˆ a is a unit vector
1-3: Unit Vectors: 
The unit vector ofA is defined as a vector whose magnitude is unity
and its direction is along  , that is:
A

A
aˆ a  ,
A

A  Ax aˆ x  Ay aˆ y  Az aˆ z
A  Ax2  Ay2  Az2

,Where Ax , Ay and Az are component of A in the x , y and z .direction respectively

1-4: Equality of Two Vectors:  

The vectors A and B are said to be equal if they have
equal magnitudes and identical unit vectors. Thus, if:
 
A  Ax aˆ x  Ay aˆ y  Az aˆ z or A  A aˆ a
 
B  B x aˆ x  B y aˆ y  B z aˆ z or B  B aˆ b
  
Then A  B if and only if A  B and aˆ a  aˆ b

1. When two parallel vectors have the same magnitude and pointing to the same
direction are equal.

2. but they are identical only if the lie on top of one another

1-5: Vector addition and subtraction:

 
 Two vectors A and B can be added together
to give another vector C :that is
  
C  A B

C  ( Ax  B x ) aˆ x  ( Ay  B y ) aˆ y  ( Az  B z ) aˆ z

C  C x aˆ x  C y aˆ y  C z aˆ z

:And vector subtraction is similarly carried out as

   
D  A  B  D  ( Ax  B x ) aˆ x  ( Ay  B y ) aˆ y  ( Az  B z ) aˆ z

D  D x aˆ x  D y aˆ y  D z aˆ z
 N
Multiplicati
Addition Law o
on
. A
D=A-B
     
A B B A k A  Ak 1
Commutative
.

       2 B- B
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B ) Associative
C k ( l A)  l ( k A)
.

   
k ( A  B )  k A  k BDistributive 3
----------- .
1-6: Position and Distance Vector: 
The position R
vectorp
or radius vector of
point P( x, y, z ) is defined as the directed distance from the origin O(0,0,0) to point

P ( x, y , z ) R p  OP  x aˆ x  y aˆ y  z aˆ z
as:

The distance vector is the displacement from one point to another, such as,
P1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) P2 ( x2 , y2 , z 2 )
to  and is represented mathematically as:
R12  P1 P2  ( x 2  x1 ) aˆ x  ( y 2  y1 )aˆ y  ( z 2  z1 ) aˆ z

Therefore, the position vector is a special case of displacement vector.

Example(1): Given points P(1,3,5) , Q(2,4,6) and R(0,3,8) then find the following:

rQP
(a). the position vectors of P and R (b). the distance vector (c). the
distance between Q and R

Solution:

(a). OP  (1  0) aˆ x  (3  0) aˆ y  (5  0) aˆ z  aˆ x  3 aˆ y  5 aˆ z
OR  (0  0) aˆ x  (3  0) aˆ y  (8  0) aˆ z  3 aˆ y  8 aˆ z


(b). QP  (1  2) aˆ x  ( 3  4) aˆ y  (5  6) aˆ z   aˆ x  7 aˆ y  aˆ z
r

(c). QR  (0  2) 2  (3  4) 2  (8  6) 2  4  1  4  3 unit
 1-7: Vector Multiplication:
Three types of products can occur in vector
calculus. These are, simple, scalar(or dot) and vector(or cross) products:

1-7-1: Simple Product:

Multiplication of a vector by a scalar quantity is

called a simple product and is represented mathematically A as:
A aˆ a
 
k A  k A aˆ a  B

B  k Ax aˆ x  k Ay aˆ y  k Az aˆ z

B  B x aˆ x  B y aˆ y  B z aˆ z
 
B is in the same direction of A
 
Such as Fe  Q E
1-7-2: Scalar Product:
The scalar or dot product of two vectors yields a scalar
 
quantity and is denoted by: A  B  A B cos 

ABW  F  dl 
      
A  (B  C)  A  B  A  C
   
A B B  A
  2
relation:  A  A  A  Ax  Ay  Az
2 2 2 2
And obey the following algebraic A
aˆ x  aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ y  aˆ z  aˆ z  1  AB  0
aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ y  aˆ z  aˆ z  aˆ x  0  AB  90
  
The scalar component of vector A along B is represented mathematically
as:
 
A B 
AB  A cos    A  aˆ B A
B A sin

 B
AB= A cos
 
and the vector component of A along B is represented mathematically as:

 
 A B 
AB  A cos  aˆ B  aˆ B  ( A  aˆ B ) aˆ B
B
    
While the normal component of A on B can be determined as: ANB  A  AB


In addition the scalar projection of vector A onto z  axis is given by:

aˆ z  A 
Az   aˆ z  A
aˆ z
1-7-3: Vector Product:

The vector or cross product of two vectors

such as
 
A and B A and B
 
yields another
A cross B vector which perpendicular to both and is
pronounced and is denoted by:
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
  
A  B  A B sin   C  Ax Ay Az  ( Ay B z  Az B y ) aˆ x  ( Az B x  Ax B z ) aˆ y  ( Ax B y  Ay B x ) aˆ z
Bx By Bz
     
Where C is perpendicular to A
both and B .The vector C AB
products obey the following algebraic relation:
    
A B  B  A B
     
A  ( B  C )  ( A  B)  C
  
A
A  A  zero
      
A  (B  C)  A  B  A  C   
 F r
aˆ x  aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ y  aˆ z  aˆ z  zero   
aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z aˆ y  aˆ z  aˆ x aˆ z  aˆ x  aˆ y F qv  B
aˆ y  aˆ x   aˆ z aˆ z  aˆ y   aˆ x aˆ x  aˆ z   aˆ y
   
The magnitude of A  B is the area of the parallelogram formed by and
A B

as shown in the figure. Therefore, the area of triangular formed by A  is . 1 A  B
and B 2
  
Example(2): Given vectors A  aˆ x  3 aˆ z and B  5 aˆ x  2 aˆ y  6 aˆ z , then
determine the following:

(a). A  B (c). the component of A along aˆ y

   
(b). 3 A  B (d). the unit vector parallel to 3A  B

Solution:  
 
(a). A  B  ( aˆ x  3 aˆ z )  (5 aˆ x  2 aˆ y  6 aˆ z )  6 aˆ x  2 aˆ y  3 aˆ z A  B  36  4  9  7 unit
 
(b). 3 A  B  (3 aˆ x  9 aˆ z )  (5 aˆ x  2 aˆ y  6 aˆ z )   2aˆ x  2 aˆ y  15 aˆ z 
 A  aˆ y (aˆ x  3 aˆ z )  aˆ y 0
Ay  A  aˆ y    0
(c). the scalar component of A along aˆ y is given by: aˆ y aˆ y 1

  A  aˆ y
The vector component of A along aˆ y is given by: Ay  ( A  aˆ y ) aˆ y  aˆ y  ( 0 ) aˆ y  0
aˆ y
 
(d). 3 A  B  (3 aˆ x  9 aˆ z )  (5 aˆ x  2 aˆ y  6 aˆ z )  8 aˆ x  2 aˆ y  3 aˆ z , then the unit vector parallel to

this vector is calculated as:  

3 A  B 8 aˆ x  2 aˆ y  3 aˆ z 8 aˆ x  2 aˆ y  3 aˆ z
aˆ3 A  B     
3A  B 64  4  9 77
Example(3): Derive the cosine formula c 2  a 2  b 2  2 a b cos  and the sine
sin a sin b sin c
formula   using dot and cross product respectively.
a b c

Cosine formula:
  

a
c a  b

b
     
c  c  (a  b)  (a  b)  a 2  b 2  2 a  b

c
c 2  a 2  b 2  2 ab cos   c a 2  b 2  2 ab cos 

a
1  1  1 
ab  bc  ca
2 2 2
Sine formula:

b
1 1 1
 a b sin c  b c sin a  c a sin b
2 2 2

dividing the above equation by ( a b c ) we get :

sin c sin a sin b
 
c a b
  
Example(4): Let E  3 aˆ y  4 aˆ z and F  4 aˆ x  10 aˆ y  5 aˆ z , then find:

(a). the component of E along F (b). A unit vector perpendicular to both E and F
Solution:
(a). the vector component of E along F is given by:

 
 EF 
E F  E cos  aˆ F  aˆ F  (E  aˆ F ) aˆ F
F
4 aˆ x  10 aˆ y  5 aˆ z 4 aˆ x  10 aˆ y  5 aˆ z
aˆ F  
16  100  25 141
  4 aˆ x  10 aˆ y  5 aˆ z  4 aˆ x  10 aˆ y  5 aˆ z
 (E  aˆ F ) aˆ F  (3 aˆ x  4 aˆ z )  
 141  141
 (12  20)
 EF  (4 aˆ x  10 aˆ y  5 aˆ z )
141
The scalar component of E along F is given by:

 EF 
E F  E cos   E  aˆ F
F
   4 aˆ x  10 aˆ y  5 aˆ z  12  20
E F  E  aˆ F  (3 aˆ x  4 aˆ z )  
 141  141
1-8: Scalar and Vector Triple Product:
When three vectors are multiplied,
not all combinations of dot or cross products are meaningful. For example the
product:
      not defined under the rules of algebra.
A  ( B  C ) , ( A  B) C
Therefore, the only two meaningful products of three vectors are the Scalar
triple and the Vector product as represented them below:

1-8-1: Scalar Triple Product:   

A  (B  C)
A scalar triple product denoted and
obeying the following cyclic order:
        
A  (B  C)  C  ( A  B)  B  (C  A) Ax Ay Az
  
A  (B  C)  B x By Bz
where, Cx Cy Cz

1-8-2: Vector Triple Product:

The vector triple product involves the cross
product of a vector with the cross product of two others, such as:
     
A  (B  C)  ( A  B)  C
        
A  (B  C)  B ( A  C)  C ( A  B) very important rule----prove this ( H.
W.)
  
Example(5):Three field quantities are given by: P  2 aˆ x  aˆ z , Q  2 aˆ x  aˆ y  2 aˆ z

, R  2 aˆ x  3 aˆ y  aˆ z determine the following:
            
(a). (P  Q)  (P  Q)  P  (P  Q)  Q  (P  Q) (b). Q  (R  P) (c).sin  QR
    
P  (Q  R ) Q and R
(d). (e). A unit vector perpendicular to both
                 
Solution: (P  Q)  (P  Q)  P  (P  Q)  Q  (P  Q)  P  P  P  Q  Q  P  Q  Q
     
 0  Q  P  Q  P  0  2 P Q sin  QP
(a).  
P  4 1  5 Q  4 1 4  3
 
QP 42 2
 QP  cos 1      72.65
P Q 3 5 3 5
sin 72.65  0.95
2 1 2
  
Q  (R  P)  2  3 1  2  (3  0)  1  (2  2)  2  (0  6)  6  4  12  14
(b).
2 0 1

  aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
QR  
sin  QR    QR  2  1 2  aˆ x (1  6)  aˆ y (4  2)  aˆ z (6  2)  5aˆ x  2aˆ y  4aˆ z
Q R
2 3 1
   
(c). Q  R  25  4  16  45 , Q  4 1 4 3 and R  4  9  1  14

45
sin  QR   0.596
3 14
 aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
(d).   
P  (Q  R )  2 0  1  aˆ x (0  2)  aˆ y (5  8)  aˆ z (4  0)  2 aˆ x  3 aˆ y  4 aˆ z
5 2 4
 
Q  R 5 aˆ x  2 aˆ y  4 aˆ z
(e). aˆ QR    
Q R 3 14
 
(f). The scalar and vector component of P along Q can be calculated as follows:
 
   P Q 
The scalar component of P along Q is equal to: PQ  P cos    P  aˆ Q
Q
  2 aˆ x  aˆ y  2 aˆ z  4  2 2
P  aˆ Q  (2 aˆ x  aˆ z )   
 3  3 3
 
The vector component of P along Q is given by:  
 P Q 
PQ  E cos  aˆ F   aˆ Q  (P  aˆ Q ) aˆ Q
Q
2 aˆ x  aˆ y  2 aˆ z
aˆ Q 
3
  2 aˆ x  aˆ y  2aˆ z  2 aˆ x  aˆ y  2 aˆ z
 (P  aˆ Q ) aˆ Q  (2 aˆ x  aˆ z )  
 3  3
 42 2
 PQ  (2 aˆ x  aˆ y  2 aˆ z )  (2 aˆ x  aˆ y  2 aˆ z )
9 9
 Home Work
        
Q1/ Given A  a x  a y , B  2 a z and C  a x  3 a y , find both A  B  C and
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ( A  B)  C

 2  2
Q2 / Show that : . ( A  B )  ( A  B )  ( A B ) 2

Q3 / Find the triple scalar and vector product of the following vectors :
  
P  2 aˆ x  2 aˆ y  aˆ z , Q  aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z and R  2 aˆ x  3 aˆ z

 
Q4/ Find the angle between A  10 aˆ y  2 aˆ z , and B  4 aˆ y  0.,5 aˆ z
using both dot and cross product.


Q5/ Given A  ( y  1) aˆ x  2 x aˆ y , find the vector at point (2,2,1) and its projection
 
on vector B where B  5 aˆ x  aˆ y  2 aˆ z
Q6/ Given vectors
  
A  aˆ x  2 aˆ y  3 aˆ z , B  3 aˆ x  4 aˆ y and C  3 aˆ y  4 aˆ z
find the following :
    
a. A and ˆ
a A b. the component of B along C c.  AC d. AC
       
e. A  (B  C) f. aˆ x  B g. ( A  aˆ y ).aˆ z h. A  ( B  C )

Q7/ Express the unit vector directed toward the point(0,0, h) from an
arbitrary point in the
zplane
2 . Explain the result
h  2as ?

 
Q8/ Given A  4 aˆ y  10 aˆ z and B  2 aˆ x  3 aˆ y , find the magnitude
 
and vector components of A on B ?

 
Q9 /Given Vectors T  2 aˆ x  6 aˆ y  3 aˆ z and S  aˆ x  2 aˆ y  aˆ z then find the
following :    
(a)- The scalar projection of T on S (b)-The vector projection of S on T
 
(c)- The angle between T. and S