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Techniques For Synthesis of Nano-Materials: Akshay Tiwari and Rushabh Shah B.Tech Electrical

The document discusses techniques for synthesizing nano-materials. It describes top-down and bottom-up approaches, where top-down begins with larger structures and reduces them to the nano-scale using lithography, while bottom-up builds nanostructures from atoms or molecules using methods like self-assembly, inert gas condensation, and chemical vapor deposition. Common bottom-up methods include inert gas condensation, which forms nanoparticles from vapor, and chemical vapor deposition, which deposits solid materials from precursor gases on a heated substrate.

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Omar Dosky
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44 views15 pages

Techniques For Synthesis of Nano-Materials: Akshay Tiwari and Rushabh Shah B.Tech Electrical

The document discusses techniques for synthesizing nano-materials. It describes top-down and bottom-up approaches, where top-down begins with larger structures and reduces them to the nano-scale using lithography, while bottom-up builds nanostructures from atoms or molecules using methods like self-assembly, inert gas condensation, and chemical vapor deposition. Common bottom-up methods include inert gas condensation, which forms nanoparticles from vapor, and chemical vapor deposition, which deposits solid materials from precursor gases on a heated substrate.

Uploaded by

Omar Dosky
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Techniques for Synthesis of

Nano-materials

Akshay Tiwari and Rushabh Shah


B.Tech Electrical
What are Nano-Particles
• In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small
object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its
transport and properties.
• Particles are further classified according to size: in
terms of diameter, coarse particles cover a range
between 10,000 and 2,500 nanometers.
• Fine particles are sized between 2,500 and 100
nanometers.
• Ultrafine particles, or nanoparticles are sized
between 100 and 1 nanometers.
Synthesis Method
• Top Down Approach:
– Begins with a pattern generated on a larger scale, then reduced to nanoscale
– Relatively expensive and time consuming technique
– The approach use larger (macroscopic) initial structures
– The structures can be externally-controlled in the processing of nanostructures

• Bottom Up Approach:
– Start with atoms or molecules and build up to nanostructures
– Fabrication is much less expensive
– Includes the miniturization of materials components (atomic level)
leading to formation of nano structures.
– During Self assembly the physical forces operating at nanoscale are
used to combine basic units into larger stable structure
Top-Down Approach: Lithography

Coat Protect Expose Etch Repeat

Multiple Patterned Layer of Different Materials


Photo-Lithography
Photolithography: Details
Masking and Exposure
• Align Mask to wafer before exposure
• Expose resist to UV through a mask

Developing the Pattern


• Resist is removed from exposed areas
• Remaining resist produces masked pattern

Etching
• Resist Protects selected regions during etch
• Pattern is transferred to substrate material
Bottom Up Approach
•High precision • Chemical reactors
1. actuators move
atoms from place to
create conditions
place
4. for special growth

• Biological agents
sometimes used
•Micro tips
2. emboss or
imprint materials
5. to help process

• Materials are
harvested for
•Electron (or ion) 6. integration

3. beams are directly


moved over a
surface
Bottom Up: Molecular Assembly
• Nature uses self-assembly in
infinitely subtler ways; indeed,
the whole of the natural world is
self assembled
• Spontaneous organization of
molecules into stable, structurally
well-defined aggregates
(nanometer length scale).
• Molecules can be transported to
surfaces through liquids to form
self-assembled monolayers Polythiophene wires
(SAMs).
Self Assembly Example
Bottom Up Method: Inert-gas Condensation

• An inorganic material is vaporized inside a


vacuum chamber into which an inert gas
(typically argon or helium) is periodically
admitted.

• Once the atoms boil off, they quickly lose their


23 energy by colliding with the inert gas.

• The vapor cools rapidly and supersaturates to


form nanoparticles with sizes in the range 2–
100 nm that collect on a finger cooled by liquid
nitrogen.
Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)
A molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) machine is essentially an ultrahigh-precision,
ultra clean evaporator, combined with a set of in-situ tools, such as Auger
electron spectroscopy (AES) and/or reflection high energy electron diffraction
(RHEED), for characterization of the deposited layers during growth.
Methods for making 1-D and 2-D
Nanomaterials
• The production route for 1-D rod-like nanomaterials by
liquidphase methods is similar to that for the production
of nanoparticles.

• CVD methods have been adapted to make 1-D nanotubes


and nanowires. Catalyst nanoparticles are used to
promote nucleation.

• Nanowires of other materials such as silicon (Si) or


germanium (Ge) are grown by vapor-liquid-solid (VLS)
methods.
Chemical Vapour Deposition
• A process involving deposition of a solid material
from gaseous phase.
• Precursor gases diluted in carrier gases are delivered
into the reaction chamber at ambient temperatures.
• As they pass over or come into contact with a heated
substrate, they react or decompose forming a solid
phase which and are deposited onto the substrate.
• Precursors for CVD processes must be volatile, but
also stable enough to be able to be delivered to the
reactor.
• Physical Vapour Deposition is different from cvd as it
uses solid precursors whereas cvd uses gases.
Conclusions
• Two approaches used for nano-particle
synthesis
– Bottom-up and
– Top-Down Approach
• Common Methods Used include:
– Optical Lithography (Top-Down)
– Inert Gas Condensation (Bottom-up)
– Chemical Vapour Deposition( Bottom-up)

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