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Topic 5

1) The document discusses different approaches to learning including behaviorist, cognitive, and constructivist. 2) The behaviorist approach sees learning as a change in behavior through reinforcement or punishment. Principles for behaviorist learning in classrooms include praise and identifying positive behaviors. 3) The cognitive approach sees learning as building on prior knowledge and experiences. Knowledge can be general, domain-specific, or stored in sensory, short-term, or long-term memory. 4) The constructivist approach is that learners construct their own knowledge rather than just accepting knowledge from others. Traits include encouraging questions, cooperative learning, and inquiry-based learning.

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10 views

Topic 5

1) The document discusses different approaches to learning including behaviorist, cognitive, and constructivist. 2) The behaviorist approach sees learning as a change in behavior through reinforcement or punishment. Principles for behaviorist learning in classrooms include praise and identifying positive behaviors. 3) The cognitive approach sees learning as building on prior knowledge and experiences. Knowledge can be general, domain-specific, or stored in sensory, short-term, or long-term memory. 4) The constructivist approach is that learners construct their own knowledge rather than just accepting knowledge from others. Traits include encouraging questions, cooperative learning, and inquiry-based learning.

Uploaded by

muhammadazfarmohdnooh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOPIC 5: SCHOOL AS A PLACE FOR TEACHING &

LEARNING (TL)

DOES LEARNING OCCUR


IN THE SCHOOL
ENVIRONMENT ONLY?
BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH IN LEARNING

LEARNING = Behavioural change that occurs to an individual as


a result of an experience (B.F. Skinner, 1904-1990)

BEHAVIOUR= What a person does in a certain situation


BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH IN
LEARNING

POSITIVE

REINFORCEMENT

NEGATIVE

EFFECT
DIRECT
PUNISHMENT
PUNISHMENT
REMOVAL
PUNISHMENT
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT VS PUNISHMENT
Several principles of the Behaviourist
Approach in the classroom:
a) Giving praise that is clear and systematic but only to those who
need it;
b) Identifying achievements that are really valid;
c) Determining the standard for praise based on the capability and
limit of the student;
d) Identifying positive behaviour based on the way the students
appreciate it; and
e) Determining specific and clear goals, so that you know which kind
of reinforcement should be given
APPLICATION OF THE BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH
IN LEARNING
o LEARNING OBJECTIVES
What students will be expected to learn
Guide teachers in strategising teaching approaches

o MASTERY LEARNING
Teacher divide what needs to be learned into smaller teaching units,
specific objectives
Inform students about the objectives and the criteria to succeed in
the evaluation of each unit
Advantage – help students who do not master a unit the first time
around
APPLICATION OF THE
BEHAVIOURIST APPROACH IN
LEARNING
• DIRECT TEACHING

Teach basic skills


Skill is taught in stages
Does not help students in creative writing/solve
complex problems but is more towards helping to
comprehend a certain procedure
Ensure the success of achieving lower level objectives
Does not encourage the use of new and innovative
teaching methods
COGNITIVE APPROACH IN LEARNING
• A student encounters a new learning situation, his prior knowledge would
come into play in making a new learning experience understandable
• Knowledge is not just something new but is something from the past and that
knowledge helps to direct the existence of new knowledge.
KNOWLEDGE CAN BE CATEGORISED AS
FOLLOWS:
1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge can be used in all kinds of situations

2. DOMAIN-SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge refers to a kind of assignment or subject
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL
- Human Mental Activity Related To Receiving, Storing And Retrieving Of
Information To Be Re-used

SENSORY MEMORY
Short-term memory that exists in the human sensory
system

SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Small memory capacity, holding a small amount of
information for a short duration between 5 and 20
seconds
Long-term Memory – large capacity, stores information longer
from a few seconds to several years:

i. Episodic Memory – experience and events that occur to an individual


throughout his life complete with time and place

ii. Procedural Memory – perform certain task such as the learning of a


procedure

iii. Semantic Memory – related to meaning, namely storing concepts,


facts, rules, schemes or images
RECALL INFORMATION FROM LONG-
TERM MEMORY due to:
a. Inference –made by someone when given a statement that
reflects on social life
b. Stereotype – unit of information about character
traits/physical attributes that we assume to be true for a group
of people
c. Schemata – abstract represent about an object, matter or
event that we have experienced in the real world
CONTRUCTIVIST APPROACH

Individual Constructs Knowledge And


Does Not Merely Accept Knowledge
From Others
TRAITS OF CONTRUCTIVIST
LEARNING
1. Encourage students to pose questions
2. Learning as a process, important on outcome
3. Support cooperative learning
4. Encourage and accept student effort and autonomy
5. Provide opportunity to develop new knowledge by
understanding student involvement with the real world
TRAITS OF CONTRUCTIVIST LEARNING

6. Encourage inquiry process through research and


experimentation
7. Taking into consideration research findings on how students
learn an idea
8. Take into consideration students’ beliefs and attitudes
9. Encourage students to initiate questions/ideas and using
these as teaching guides
APPLICATION OF THE CONSTRUCTIVIST
APPROACH
a) Inquiry Based Learning and Problem Solving
b) Cooperative Learning

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