VARIOUS ELEMENTS

TECHNIQUES, AND
LITERARY DEVICES
IN VARIOUS MODES
OF FICTION
LET’S REVIEW YOUR
STOCK KNOWLEDGE!
 Choose the letter of your answer

1. __ is an element of
a short story or prose a.Point of view
which is the vantage b.character
point, perspective, or c.plot
angle from which the d.setting
story is told.
 Choose the letter of your answer

2. __ is a type of
character who is a.narrator
central to the story b.Antagonist
with all major events c.Protagonist
having some d.reader
importance to this
character.
 Choose the letter of your answer

3. __ is the series of
events of a story. a.Point of view
Freytag’s Pyramid is the b.character
other term for this. It is a c.plot
planned, logical series of d.setting
events having a beginning,
middle, and end.
 Choose the letter of your answer

4. It is an abrupt ending
that leaves the plot a.Deus ex
incomplete, without Machina
denouement, it often leaves b.Happy Ending
characters in a precarious c.Twist Ending
or difficult situation which d.Cliff Hanger
hint at the possibility of a
sequel.
 Choose the letter of your answer

5. It is the general a.irony

emotional weather b.dramatic
of the literary piece. premise
c.tone
d.theme
 LITERATURE
 any written work
 Litera - "writing formed with letters“
 writing that possesses literary merit, and
language that foregrounds literariness
as an preserves context
art form cultural into the
Importance of
ideals, literature
lives and
used customs, livelihood
for and of people
express morals distinct
from
ion
ourselves
1 2 3
 Genre
 French word for "kind" or "sort”
 Term for any category of
literature or other forms of art or
entertainment
 Prose
 form of language that possesses
ordinary syntax and natural speech
rather than rhythmic structure
based on Holistically
fact, Types of Prose
or partially
though it imagined
may stories like
contain novels and
fictional stories.
1 2
 shows poetic
work that
characteristics
might be Types of Prose
and nature,
recorded or utilizing
recounted passionate
impacts and
found in
elevated
oral
3 symbolism 4
custom
ELEMENTS OF FICTIONAL
PROSE
1. SETTING
The time and
location in which a
story takes place
 Aspects of a Story’s Setting to Consider

 place - geographical location.

 time - When is the story taking place?
 weather conditions - Is it rainy, sunny, stormy,
 social conditions - What is the daily life of the
characters like?
 mood or atmosphere - What feeling is created at the
beginning of the story?
2. CHARACTER
 People who take part in the
story
 The person in a work of fiction.
 The characteristics of a person.
Protagonist – chief figure who struggles against opposing
forces
Antagonist – the force, most often another character
Dynamic Character – one whose attitudes and values are
affected by the events in the story
Flat Character – a character having only a single trait or
quality
Round Character – a multi-dimensional or a complex
character
Static Character – one whose personality, attitudes, and
beliefs remain fixed, no matter what kinds of situations he
encounters
Characterization - The development
of characters as done by the short
story writer. The way in which an
author presents and reveals his/her
characters.
 Ways to do Characterization

Direct presentation Indirect presentation

 the author makes  the author reveals the
explicit/outright statements characters through actions
or explanations about the and dialogues
characters
Example:
Example:  “I would like to go on a journey for an
 As the years passed, Makato grew tall
adventure,” said Makato
and handsome.
 He never idled. He never complained
and was always satisfied.
 3. PLOT
 the logical arrangement of
events in a story or play
 logical series of events
having a beginning,
middle, and end
at a Plot: Made of a
certain Kinds of Plot
Does not series of
point, follow a chapters
moves linear or stories
to a narrative linked
series of together
events 1 2 3
 4. CONFLICT
 the opposition of
forces which ties one
incident to another and
makes the plot move
 Two Types of Conflict

External - A struggle with a force

outside one's self.
Internal - A struggle within one's self; a
person must make some decision,
overcome pain, quiet their temper, resist
an urge, etc.
Various Kind of Conflicts
 Man vs. Man (physical)
 Man vs. Circumstances (classical)
 Man vs. Nature
 Man vs. Society
 Man vs. Self
 Man vs. Supernatural
 Man vs. Fate
 Man vs. Technology
5. POINT OF VIEW
(P.O.V.)
the angle from
which the story is
told
 Types of P.O.V
Third Person P.O.V - narrator
does not participate in the action
of the story as one of the
characters but let us know
exactly what the characters feel
(he, she, it, they)
 Types of P.O.V
First Person - story is told by the
protagonist or one of the
characters who interacts closely
with the protagonist or other
characters(I, me, we)
 Types of P.O.V

Omniscient - narrator who

knows everything about the
characters is all knowing or
omniscient
 Types of P.O.V
Omniscient Limited - We know
only what the character knows
and what the author allows
him/her to tell us; tells the
story in third person
 Types of P.O.V
Omniscient Objective - It appears
a camera is following the
characters, going anywhere, and
recording only what is seen and
heard. No interpretations are
offered
 6. THEME
the lesson about life
or statement about
human nature that
the story expresses
 6. TONE
 general emotional
weather of the poem
 the attitude expressed
TECHNIQUES AND LITERARY
DEVICES
 LITERARY DEVICE
a technique that shapes narrative to
produce an effect on the reader
a literary or linguistic technique that
produces a specific effect, esp. a figure of
speech, narrative style, or plot mechanism
 1. PLOT DEVICE
a literary or linguistic technique
that produces a specific effect,
esp. a figure of speech, narrative
style, or plot mechanism
 a. Flashing arrow
technique used to
focus the readers, but
not the characters’
attention on an object,
or location
 b. Red herring
it distracts the
reader’s attention
from the plot twist. It
is used to maintain
tension and
uncertainty
 c. Deathtrap
device that the villain uses to
try to kill the protagonist and
satisfy his own sadistic desires
 d. Reverse Chronology
a technique where
the story begins at
the end and works
back toward the
beginning
 e. ‘In Medias res’
 the narrative
starts in the
middle of the
story instead of
from its
beginning
 2. VISION
character share with the reader
visions of the past or the future
to explain a
character’s motives
 a. Dream sequence
series of dreams
which allows the
character to see
events that occur
or have occurred
in another time
 b. Analepsis (flashback)
usually presented
as characters’
memories and are
used to explain
their background
c. Prolepsis (flash-forward)
presents events
that will occur in
the future
 d. Foreshadowing
a premonition,
much like a flash-
forward, but only
hints at the
future.
 e. Prophecy
is often used in
science fiction to
underline their
futuristic
structures
 3. ENDING

refers to story ending

 a. Cliff-hanger
an abrupt ending that leaves
the plot incomplete, without
denouement, it often leaves
characters in a precarious or
difficult situation which hint at
the possibility of a sequel.
 b. Twist ending
an unexpected finale that gives an
entirely new vision on the entire
plot.
It is a powerful technique but may
leave the reader dissatisfied and
frustrated
 c. Happy Ending
a finale when
everything ends in
the best way for the
hero
 d. Deus Ex Machina
plot dating back to ancient
Greek theater, where the
conflict is resolve through a
means (god, or dues) that
seem unrelated to the story.
 Assignment:
1. Write a short story of your preferred subject
2. Make sure to follow the linear plot in presenting the
events in your story.
3. Use the 3rd Person Point of View
4. Use at least one Plot device and Vision
5. Use the Cliff-hanger type of ending
6. Minimum of 3 bond paper – printed.
7. Do not Plagiarize or else I’ll report you to your adviser!!!